| Popis: |
Farmers have largely depended on intensive soil cultivation to reduce nutrient stratification and therefore distribute nutrients homogeneously across the root zone for optimum crop productivity. This attempt however, has led to serious soil organic matter degradation and nutrient outflows. Consequently, food production for the increasingly growing world population was severely threatened. Crop residues as a source of organic matter and nutrients, when properly managed, can restore or improve soil fertility, and hence crop yields. The different residue management practices on some soil fertility indicators have been examined since 1979 in a long-term wheat trial at the ARC-Small Grain Institute near Bethlehem in the Eastern Free State on an Avalon soil. The observations established in 1999 indicated that soil nutrient and organic matter stratification still continues, therefore it was found necessary to further investigate the effects of these residue management practices on some soil fertility indicators, nutrient uptake and wheat grain yield. The applied field treatments include two methods of straw disposal (unburned and burned), three methods of tillage (no-tillage, stubble mulch and ploughing) and two methods of weeding (chemical and mechanical). Soil samples were collected in 2010 at various depths viz. 0-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-250, 250-350 and 350-450 mm and analyzed for organic C, total N and total S as organic matter indices, pH, some macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) and CEC, as well as some micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn). At mid-shooting stage, plants were sampled in each treatment plot, oven-dried at 68 ºC, weighed, milled and analyzed for N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The grain yield data of wheat for the 26 years were supplied by the ARC-Small Grain Institute for use as a supplement to the soil data. The methods of straw disposal and tillage had variable influences on soil organic matter indices. Unburned straw increased total N and S, but reduced organic C when compared to the burned straw. No-tillage increased organic C only in the 0-50 mm soil depth when compared to stubble mulch and ploughing. No-tillage and stubble mulch resulted in a higher total N to a soil depth of 450 mm relative to mouldboard ploughing. Ploughing on the other hand, and to some extent stubble mulch, increased total S more than no-tillage in the upper 250 mm soil depth. Mechanical weeding enhanced these indices to 450 mm soil depth as opposed to chemical weeding. No-tillage and to some extent stubble mulch suppressed acidification in the upper 100 mm and lower 350-450 mm soil depths. Mechanical weeding also increased soil pH when compared to chemical weeding. No-tillage combined with either chemical weeding or straw burning suppressed acidification in the surface soil, whereas mechanical weeding combined with either no-tillage or mouldboard ploughing retarded acidification in the subsoil. The concentrations of P, K, Mg, Mn and Zn were higher in the burned treatments than in the unburned plots. The reverse was observed with Ca, Na and Cu. In contrast, mouldboard ploughing, and to some extent stubble mulch, resulted in an accumulation of Cu in the upper 100 mm soil depth when no-tillage served as a reference. Chemical weeding enhanced P, K, Mg, Na and CEC, but resulted in lower Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents when compared to mechanical weeding. The applied management practices were also tested on nutrient uptake and grain yield. Although not always significant, the burned straw increased nutrient uptake, but resulted in a lower wheat grain yield when compared to unburned straw. Despite the beneficial effects of no-tillage and stubble mulch on the fertility status of this Avalon soil, higher nutrient uptake and grain yield were perceived under mouldboard ploughing. Mechanical weeding also enhanced the uptake of most of the studied nutrients relative to chemical weeding. Mouldboard ploughing combined with either unburned straw or chemical weeding increased nutrient uptake and wheat grain yield. However, irrespective of the applied field treatments, nutrient concentrations in oat straw were below optimum levels, and possibly plants were already suffering acute nutrient deficiencies. |
