| Popis: |
In 2007 Estonia faced a series of cyber-attacks on its cyber infrastructure, which caused widespread damage to the country’s economy, politics and security. However, despite this series of cyber-attacks, NATO did not apply Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty due to lack of consensus on applying Article 5 in the Estonian case. Although various approaches have been developed by scholars, there is no common application of international law in the United Nations Charter regarding cyber threats or attacks. Moreover, whilst there has been no common definition of ‘cyber terrorism’ by the international community, some scholars regard ‘cyber-attacks’ as acts of war. There is a paucity of literature dealing with the application of international law on cyber threats. A new Strategic Concept was adopted in 2010. Its most important development was to identify the significance of cyber threats to all NATO body members. When updating its own technology, the organisation needs to be ready to defend itself against all kinds of asymmetrical warfare, whether from within or beyond its operational range. At the same time, cyber terrorism and cyber threats have continued to affect all societies within its purview, damaging, threatening, destroying and influencing many states, such as Estonia in 2007, Georgia in 2008, Iran in 2010 and international organisations belonging to NATO in 1999. However, the terms of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty were imprecise as to whether cyber-attacks can be regarded as a form of threat; for this reason, NATO accepted the case-by-case concept on cyber threats/attacks in terms of the application of Article 5 by the Wales Summit in 2014. Despite the fact that the Charter of the United Nations has not been revised, if its Articles are broadly evaluated, cyber-attacks would be accepted as a threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of a state. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate what has been carried out regarding NATO’s operational arrangements and its Cyber Defence approach, and, secondly, to explain this in the lens of Game Theory. Furthermore, it will demonstrate why the web is paramount to NATO’s system-driven operations, and why it requires a Cyber Defence arrangement. In particular, the research endeavours to analyse Turkey in this regard. The cyber-attack on Estonia in 2007 will be used by way of a case study to explain the development of threat perceptions, risks, international law, cyber security policies and application of Game Theory. |
