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Methods were developed for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv 'Antep', using tissues from seedlings, mature trees, immature fruits, zygotic embryos and juvenile leaf explants. A method was described for the establishment of embryonic cell suspension cultures. A procedure for the activation of meristem tips taken from 50-year old mature trees was also established. The factors controlling the initiation, maturation, germination, embling development, and acclimatisation of emblings derived from immature fruit explants were investigated. The induction of EMS was dependent on the type and concentration of PGRs and on the type of explants employed. The cytokinin BAP was found to be essential for the induction of EMS from immature fruits cultured on a liquid MS medium. The effects of various carbohydrate sources on the embryogenic capacity of EMS were examined. The best growth in terms of fresh and dry weight production was obtained on sucrose or glucose within the concentration range 4-10% w/v. Somatic embryos were found to mature more rapidly in liquid medium. An original method of logistic analysis was developed for interpretation of the effects of multiple treatments and their interactions on the probabilities of embryo germination and embling development. The abscisic acid and benzylaminopurine concentrations, the durations of the embryo maturation treatments and of the culture period for germination and embling development showed the most significant effects on embryo germination and embling development, which were higher when mature somatic embryos were transferred onto germination medium in clusters than as individuals. |
