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This work presents an automatic cost-analysis system for an implicitly parallel skeletal programming language. Although deducing interesting dynamic characteristics of parallel programs (and in particular, run time) is well known to be an intractable problem in the general case, it can be alleviated by placing restrictions upon the programs which can be expressed. By combining two research threads, the “skeletal” and “shapely” paradigms which take this route, we produce a completely automated, computation and communication sensitive cost analysis system. This builds on earlier work in the area by quantifying communication as well as computation costs, with the former being derived for the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model. We present details of our shapely skeletal language and its BSP implementation strategy together with an account of the analysis mechanism by which program behaviour information (such as shape and cost) is statically deduced. This information can be used at compile-time to optimise a BSP implementation and to analyse computation and communication costs. The analysis has been implemented in Haskell. We consider different algorithms expressed in our language for some example problems and illustrate each BSP implementation, contrasting the analysis of their efficiency by traditional, intuitive methods with that achieved by our cost calculator. The accuracy of cost predictions by our cost calculator against the run time of real parallel programs is tested experimentally. Previous shape-based cost analysis required all elements of a vector (our nestable bulk data structure) to have the same shape. We partially relax this strict requirement on data structure regularity by introducing new shape expressions in our analysis framework. We demonstrate that this allows us to achieve the first automated analysis of a complete derivation, the well known maximum segment sum algorithm of Skillicorn and Cai. |
