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Freshwater organisms are known to maintain hyperosmotic internal conditions despite outward diffusive loss of ions. The freshwater common pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis faces this challenge while additionally attaining the necessary ions for calcification. These are the first documented assessments of the time and mode of recovery for ions lost due to full-body withdrawal in adults of this species. Additionally, this document reports on the physiological and developmental onset of embryonic calcification and the commencement of active acquisition of shell-forming ions from the surrounding environment. The effect of water chemistry and lead (Pb) exposure on embryonic growth, development, and calcium (Ca2+) acquisition was also tested. Pharmacological and water chemistry manipulations were used to determine mechanisms for embryonic Ca2+ and HCO3-/CO32- acquisition and the sensitivity of those pathways. Lastly, L. stagnalis, was shown to have a lowest effective concentration of |
