Recycling of Unwanted Medicines from Households in Taiwan: Taxes and Subsidies Policy
| Autor: | Wen-Hui Chang, 張雯惠 |
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| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Druh dokumentu: | 學位論文 ; thesis |
| Popis: | 103 Storage of unwanted medicine can lead to medicine toxicity. If the medicine is left around, children can accidentally take medicine by mistake and aged consumers can be confused with many medications and lead to ineffective treatment. In addition, if people do not handle drugs properly, the environment may be exposed to drug residues. In this paper, we conduct a collection system for unwanted household medicines in reverse supply chain, which includes manufacturing, recycling, and governing entities. We suggest the government adopting the method of the taxation and incentive payments to increase recycling amounts thus the social welfare can be maximized. The patients’ unused medicines induce the recycling issue. Many of the medicines in a contact condition are suitable for reusing. Many of the unused medicines are still in full effect. If the medicines are brought back to special hospitals for reusing, it may provide a low-cost source of the hospitals’ medicine. As a result, the benefits shall include the reduction in reverse logistics cost, increasing environmental sustainability through the medicines recycling program. A social welfare maximization model is presented to determine the optimal taxes and subsidies policy, and ordering quantities for the government, pharmaceutical manufacturer, and recycling hospital respectively through the analysis of Stackelberg game. In this three-stage model, the first stage leader is Recycling Fund Management Board of the government; the follower is pharmaceutical manufacturer and recycling hospital. To maximize the social welfare, the government determines the taxes paid by the pharmaceutical manufacturer and the recycling hospital, and the subsidy fees for the recycling hospital when she sells products and processes unwanted medicines. The second stage decision maker is the recycling hospital and the follower is pharmaceutical manufacturer. The recycling hospital is responsible for recycling medicines as a recycling unit of leftover medicine from households. Before releasing the medicine for reusing, the pharmacists would examine the unused medicine. By reusing the unwanted medicines, it brings cost savings and considerable economic benefits for the recycling hospital. Finally, the third stage decision maker is the pharmaceutical manufacturer. After observing the government and recycling hospital’s decision, the pharmaceutical manufacturer determines the optimal production/prices for her profit maximization This research assumes the demand being a linear function of price to simplify the problem complexity. We respectively explore the optimal characteristics of government tax and subsidy policies, and optimal pricing mechanism of pharmaceutical manufacturer and recycling hospital. The strategy mechanism of government, pharmaceutical manufacturers and recycling hospital are implicated by various environmental factors. By performing numerical demonstration and sensitivity analysis, we gain some insight and provide some managerial interpretation against the proposed model. |
| Databáze: | Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations |
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