1. Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Language Development in Toddlers2. The Association between Cord Blood Metabolite Profiles and Fetal Growth
| Autor: | Hsing-Wei Lee, 李欣蔚 |
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| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Druh dokumentu: | 學位論文 ; thesis |
| Popis: | 102 PART 1 Background: Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) associated with children’s neurobehavioral development has been reported. There is also a study indicating that maternal smoking during pregnancy can affect newborns’ speech processing ability. Language is a result of cognitive development; however, there is no study focus on the effects of maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy to toddlers’ language and communication development. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to ETS on the language development in toddlers. Methods: A total of 103 children from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS) were followed up in northern Taiwan. We enrolled their mothers before delivery, interviewed them using a structured questionnaire, and collected umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord cotinine, a blood indicator of prenatal ETS exposure, was analyzed by using HPLC-MS/MS. The Mandarin-Chinese Communicative Developmental Inventory (MCDI) for toddlers was used to assess these children’s language and communication development at 2 years of age. We examined the children’s language development between exposed and control groups by multiple linear and logistic regression models to control for potential confounders. Results: Maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy was negatively associated with language and communication development. The adverse effects to the exposed group was significantly showed on the total MCDI score (β = -84.33; p = 0.0155), words produced (β = -78.25; p = 0.0175) and syntax complexity (β = -5.39; p = 0.008) in multiple linear regression models. Conclusions: Our results indicate that maternal ETS exposure was related to the adverse effects on early children’s language development. Further studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between cord blood cotinine and children’s language development. PART 2 Background: Infants with low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA) reveal the decrease in fetal growth. The prevalence of SGA remains 5-10% despite the advances in prenatal care. There are studies show the subsequent problems on SGA child, including perinatal and neonatal mortality, childhood growth retardation, impaired cognition function, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease in adulthood. Metabolomics is the analysis of collections of small molecule intermediates and products of diverse biologic processes. Metabolite profiles can provide metabolic statuses of biochemical reaction. It may able to give a closer answer of how the prenatal environmental exposures affect fetal growth. Objectives: To find the most important metabolite as an adequate biomarkers from the cord blood metabolite profiles for health effects of fetal growth. Methods: A total of 658 children from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study II (TBPS II) were followed up in Taipei City, Taiwan. We enrolled their mothers before delivery, interviewed them using a structured questionnaire, and collected umbilical cord blood. 500MHz Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers was used to analyze the cord blood serum metabolite profiles. After the overview of the NMR data using PCA analysis and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), univariate analysis was applied to identify metabolic differences by LBW, preterm and SGA grouping. Results: The score plot of initial data showed little separation between preterm and full term groups and among LGA, AGA and SGA groups after applying PLS-DA. The major differences were in most lipoproteins and amino acids. Furthermore, the level of most metabolites revealed a divergent direction between preterm and SGA groups. Conclusions: The different trends of metabolite levels between preterm and SGA groups might indicate that the mechanisms are not the same. Moreover, the differences and changes of cord blood metabolite profiles might occur gradually during the pregnancy. Further studies are needed to provide more information about the possible mechanism of environment-metabolites interactions associated with fetal growth. |
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