Material Flow Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of Lead in Taiwan
| Autor: | Chi-Hui Chang, 張琪惠 |
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| Rok vydání: | 2010 |
| Druh dokumentu: | 學位論文 ; thesis |
| Popis: | 98 Lead is one of the most widely used heavy metals in Taiwan, but it’s toxic. In this study, material flow analysis (MFA) is used to quantify the mass flow of lead in Taiwan to understand the use of lead and find out the hot spots of lead emission. With the combination of MFA and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), the emission of lead is associated with impact of human health and freshwater ecotoxicity as the basis for the environmental management of lead. There is no lead mineral production in Taiwan; all lead resource rely on imports and there are about 148,518 tons of lead imported in 2008. The main lead products are lead acid battery (43.8%), lead metal and alloy product (22.5%) and electronic components (8.1%). The highest lead demand industries are other metal, electrical equipment and chemical material. For the production of lead metal, lead alloy and lead compound, the demand of lead material is quite high in other metal industry and chemical material industry. And the lead material demand of electrical equipments is for the production of lead acid battery and the addictive in PVC cable as stabilizer. Since lead acid battery is the main product flow in Taiwan, the lead demand of electrical equipment is higher than that of other industries. Lead emission includes air, effluent and solid waste. There are about 3,396 tons of lead emitted as gas, 16 tons lead emitted as effluent and 30,042 tons lead disposal as solid waste. And lead recycled amount is about 111,397 tons. Combustion of coal, incineration of lead-containing waste and the use of lead as solder are main air pollution sources. Waste water from electronic components, metal products, wholesale and retail, chemical materials and electrical equipment industries are the major lead effluent. And most lead solid waste is disposal by electronic components industry and pollution remediation industry. USEtox is used to evaluate the characteristic factor (CF) of human toxic impact and freshwater ecotoxic impact. The CF of emission to continental agriculture soil is highest for human toxic impact and CF of emission to freshwater is highest for ecotoxic impact. However, the lead emission variation among different forms is high. Thus, air emission results in highest toxic impact. To minimize the toxic impact caused by lead in Taiwan, the reduction of lead air emission is necessary. |
| Databáze: | Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations |
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