Vivendo na cidade: borboletas frug?voras em uma paisagem urbana

Autor: Oliveira, Isabela Freitas
Jazyk: portugalština
Rok vydání: 2017
Předmět:
Zdroj: Repositório Institucional da UFRNUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteUFRN.
Druh dokumentu: masterThesis
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Com o crescimento populacional e a expans?o das cidades, o processo de urbaniza??o e sua influ?ncia sobre a biota local entraram no hall de estudos ecol?gicos. ?reas verdes em meio a pr?dios e ruas tendem a se comportar como ilhas, servindo de ref?gios para diversas esp?cies. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de entender quais fatores (e.g. ?rea, cobertura vegetal) determinam a estrutura das comunidades de borboletas frug?voras em pra?as p?blicas e qual a influ?ncia de uma grande ?rea preservada (Parque das Dunas) na din?mica das borboletas nas pra?as. Al?m disso, averiguamos se as comunidades de borboletas em diferentes h?bitats possuem diferentes caracter?sticas ecol?gicas. Foram selecionadas 18 pra?as em tr?s categorias de dist?ncia para o Parque das Dunas: Camada 1 (0 a 1000 m), Camada 2 (1001 a 2000 m ) e Camada 3 (2001 a 3000 m). Em cada camada de dist?ncia selecionamos 2 pra?as pequenas (1000 - 3000 m2), 2 m?dias (3001 - 5001 m2) e 2 grandes (> 5001 m2). Tr?s pontos dentro do Parque das Dunas foram escolhidos como ?rea controle. Ap?s 12 meses de coleta, foram registrados 635 indiv?duos de 13 esp?cies de borboletas frug?voras. Nas 18 pra?as encontramos 475 indiv?duos de 9 esp?cies (Hamadryas februa, Hamadryas feronia, Hamadryas amphinome, Historis odius, Historis acheronta, Fountainea sp., Opsiphanes invirae, Siderone galanthis e Taygetis laches), e nos tr?s pontos no Parque das Dunas registramos 160 indiv?duos de 12 esp?cies (todas encontradas nas pra?as, exceto Fountainea sp., mais Archaeoprepona demophoon, Prepona laertes, Zaretis isidora e Yphthimoides manasses). O baixo n?mero de esp?cies encontradas na cidade ? reflexo de uma homogeneidade local consequente de uma matriz quase imperme?vel. Foi poss?vel verificar que nos per?odos de chuva, a abund?ncia aumenta significativamente nas pra?as, revelando que, quando a precipita??o aumenta, a matriz se torna mais perme?vel, permitindo o deslocamento dos indiv?duos e at? mesmo o aparecimento de esp?cies encontradas predominantemente em florestas. A composi??o de esp?cies entre Parque e pra?as foi significativamente diferentes. Os valores dos componentes da beta diversidade revelaram que a comunidade de borboletas nas pra?as s?o sub-amostras aninhadas na comunidade do Parque. Com a sele??o de modelos, foi poss?vel verificar que a riqueza e abund?ncia de borboletas frug?voras ? dominada por processos estoc?sticos (modelo mulo), al?m do n?mero de ?rvores frut?feras e tamanho das pra?as. Esses resultados indicam que as condi??es das pra?as diferem muito do Parque das Dunas e que as pra?as s?o excelentes filtros para as esp?cies, revelando uma din?mica aleat?ria e neutra dominada por esp?cies generalistas e tolerantes.
As consequence of population growth and city expansion, the influence of the urbanization process on biodiversity has become an important topic of ecological studies. Green areas among buildings and streets tend to behave like islands, serving as refugia for many species. This study aimed to understand the factors that determine the structure of fruitfeeding butterflies assemblages in public squares and the influence of large area preserved (Dunes Park) in the dynamics of butterflies in public plazas. Eighteen plazas were selected within three distance categories to Dunes Park: Layer 1 (0-1000 m), Layer 2 (1001-2000 m) and Layer 3 (2001-3000 m). Within each distance layer, we selected, two small (1000-3000 m2), two medium (3001-5001 m2) and two large (> 5001 m2) plazas. Three sampling sites in Dunes Park were chosen as control. We capture 635 individuals of 13 species of fruit-feeding butterflies. We collected 475 individuals of 9 species in the plazas and 160 individuals of 12 species in the State Park. The low number of species found in the city is a reflection of a consistent local homogeneity of a nearly impervious matrix. We found that during the rainy season, species abundance increased significantly in plazas, revealing that when rainfall increases, the matrix becomes more permeable, allowing individuals movement and even the appearance of species classified as forest specialist. Rarefaction curves showed that the State Park supports more species than the plazas. In addiction to species richness, species composition was also significantly different between Park and squares, with the urban landscape dominated by generalist and tolerant species. The values of the components of beta diversity revealed that communities of butterflies in the plazas are nested subsets of the Park community. Using a model selection approach I show that richness and abundance of fruitfeeding butterflies are dominated by stochastic processes (null model) and number of fruit trees and plaza area. These results indicate that the conditions of the plazas differ greatly from the Dunes Park and that urban plazas are very strong filters for fruit-feeding butterflies, revealing a random and neutral dynamics.
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