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Local delivery of medication to the lung is highly desirable as the principal advantages include reduced systemic side effects and higher dose levels of the applicable medication at the site of drug action. This administration could be particularly useful for patients with specifically chronic pulmonary infections or pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma or lung cancer. In order to deliver a high dose range of medication for highly-dosed drugs such as antibiotics, “carrier-free” DPI formulations of tobramycin were developed with the aim of minimizing the use of excipients. Briefly, dry powders were prepared by spray drying various suspensions of tobramycin in isopropanol. First, as particle size is a key parameter in defining drug deposition in the lungs, the new Spraytec® laser diffraction method specifically modified for measuring the PSD of aerosolized drug was evaluated. The dispersion properties of various dry powder formulations were investigated using different laser diffraction and impaction apparatuses at different flow rates and using different inhalator devices. Different correlations between geometric and aerodynamic size data were demonstrated in this study. As a potential application, for the flow rate, the different inhalation devices and the drug formulations examined, the tobramycin fine particle fraction could be predicted from measurements obtained from the Spraytec® using linear relationships. Correlations (R² > 0.9) between the MMAD and the percentage of particles with a diameter below 5 µm could be demonstrated between the results obtained from the laser diffraction technique and the impaction method. Consequently, the Spraytec® laser diffraction technique was proved to be an important tool for initial formulation and process screening during formulation development of DPIs. In order to modify the surface properties of the raw tobramycin powder, different powder compositions were formulated with the aim of studying the influence of the concentration of tobramycin in drug suspensions used for spray-drying, the lipid film composition (cholesterol:Phospholipon ratio) and the coating level (in percentage) on the physicochemical and aerodynamic characteristics of the antibiotic. The results indicated that the application of a lipid coating around the active particles allowed an improvement in particle dispersion from the inhalator, decreasing raw powder agglomeration and thus enhancing drug deposition deep in the lungs. Moreover, these results seemed to be influenced by the amount and composition of the lipids in the formulations. The evaluation of the influence of the coating level showed that the deposition of only 5% w/w lipids (on a dry basis) was sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. The FPF, which is around 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin, was increased to up to about 68% for the most effective lipid-coated formulation. Of particular importance, these results revealed the need to add sufficient amounts of covering material in order to significantly modify the particle surface properties and reduce their tendency to agglomeration, while limiting the lipid level in the formulations in order to avoid any undesirable sticking and to allow the delivery of more of the active drug to the deep lung. Another approach used to modify the surface properties of raw tobramycin was to coat the micronized particles with nanoparticles of the drug, produced by high pressure homogenization. The evaluation of the influence of the level of nanoparticle coating of the micronized particles showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the formulations improved the particle dispersion properties during inhalation. One microparticle was completely covered with a single layer or several layers of nanoparticles, in function of the percentage of nanoparticles in the mixture. Coating the fine drug particles with particles in the nanometer range was believed to reduce Van Der Waals forces and powder agglomeration. These various layers of nanoparticles also allowed a decrease in the cohesion of the powder by improving the slip between the particles. On the other hand, suspensions containing solely nanoparticles were spray dried with various concentrations of surfactant in order to produce easily dispersible and reproducible micron-size agglomerates of nanoparticles during inhalation. The evaluation of the influence of the concentration of surfactant showed that deposition of only 2% w/w (on a dry basis) of Na glycocholate is sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. Consequently, the use of nanoparticles in dry powder formulations increased the FPF from 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin to about 61% for this latter formulation. To modify the balance between the different forces of interactions without the need for any excipient, the influence of formulation components on the aerosolization characteristics of spray-dried tobramycin through the use of various proportions of water in the solvent used to prepare initial suspensions was investigated. These results showed that it is possible to modify the surface properties of the particles by coating the particles of drug with a homogeneously distributed film of the active compound dissolved in a solvent system containing a mixture of different solvents such as isopropanol and water. During nebulization of the suspension, droplets are composed of one or more particles in solid state surrounded with solvent containing the dissolved drug. It is hypothesized that during the drying step, dissolved tobramycin forms a coating of the amorphous drug around particles in suspension. The coating of drug particles can thus be used as an alternative approach that permits the modification of the surface properties of the particles, increasing the flowability, the desagglomeration tendency and the fine particle fraction deposited in the deep lung. So, the evaluation of the influence of the water content of the suspensions and the effect of the inlet temperature during spray-drying showed that the addition of 2% water v/v is sufficient to improve particle dispersion during inhalation. Of particular interest, as tobramycin is a very hygroscopic drug, the addition of water turned out to be a critical step. It was thus important to add a small amount of water to the solvent system and to process the drying step at a high temperature to produce formulations containing solely the active drug and showing a FPF of up to 50%. Moreover, stability studies demonstrated that these optimized formulations (lipid-coated formulation, nanoparticle formulation and amorphous drug-coated formulation) were stable over a long time period at various ICH temperature and relative humidity storage conditions (25°C/60% RH, 30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH). The formulations were shown to keep their crystalline state, initial PSD, redispersion characteristics and deposition results for more than twelve months. In order to confirm these encouraging results, two optimized formulations (one with a lipid coating and another with amorphous drug coating) were selected and compared to the only commercially available tobramycin formulation for inhalation, Tobi® (nebulizer solution), by performing a combined in vivo scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of tobramycin DPIs in nine CF patients. In comparison with Tobi®, it was estimated that lung deposition, expressed as a percentage of the nominal dose, was 7.0 and 4.5 times higher for the lipid-coated and amorphous tobramycin-coated formulations, respectively. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic data, adjusted to the same drug dose as that of the Tobi® deposited in the lungs, showed that the AUC values were found to be 1.6 times higher for Tobi® than for DPI formulations. So this evaluation confirmed the superiority of dry powder formulations in terms of drug deposition and reduced systemic exposure in comparison with the conventional comparator product, Tobi®. Thus, these new and orginal tobramycin DPI formulations based on the use of very low excipient levels and presenting very high lung deposition properties, were shown to offer very good prospects for improving the delivery of drugs to the pulmonary tract and to the widest possible patient population. |
