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Waste materials are a major issue for environmental challenges, due to greenhouse gas emissions, reduce natural resources, demolition storage, and energy consumption and generate pollution. The growing concern for sustainable construction practices has increased interest in incorporating recycled materials into concrete production. Therefore, numerous research studies conducted to explore the feasibility of utilising waste glass, ceramic and rubber as recycled fine aggregates (RFA) in concrete. This review paper presents a comprehensive comparative review of the utilisation of recycled waste glass, ceramic, and rubber as fine aggregate (FA) in high-performance concrete (HPC), focusing on the mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, as well as their impact on durability characteristics including workability, density, water absorption, drying shrinkage, and chloride-ion penetration. The utilisation of waste glass and waste ceramic as RFA in concrete demonstrated stable and improved mechanical and durability performance compared to waste rubber. Although, the incorporation of waste rubber as RFA showed a reduction in mechanical and durability performances, concrete containing a lower percentage of waste rubber as RFA still exhibited satisfactory mechanical performance. This evaluation indicates that RGC performs optimally when incorporating up to 30% RFG, while RCC exhibits the best performance with a replacement of 50% RFC. In contrast, RRC demonstrates optimal performance with a lower percentage of RFR, specifically less than 25%. Therefore, proper mix design and optimisation are crucial for achieving desired concrete properties. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive comparative review concentrating on mechanical and durability properties aspects of waste glass, ceramic and rubber in HPC, particularly as fine aggregate. Therefore, the findings of this review provide insights into both the potential benefits and limitations of utilising these recycled materials in HPC. Additionally, this comprehensive comparative review can serve as a foundational reference for future research efforts and contribute to the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete solutions. |
