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In search of more efficient hydraulic systems, new system architectures are explored. These system architectures are often electrically driven and include energy recuperation. This requires hydraulic machines to function both as pumps, converting mechanical power into hydraulic power, and as motors, converting hydraulic power back into mechanical power. However, the availability of machines that can operate in all desired modes is limited. This indicates that operation in multiple modes comes with performance penalties. This paper highlights the challenges for multi-quadrant operation of hydraulic piston pump/motors, with a particular focus on commutation, i.e., the transition between high- and low-pressure level for each chamber. Various commutation strategies for piston machines are examined. Furthermore, other important aspects for pump/motor operation such as hydrostatic compensation ratios, design of inlet channels, low-speed capability, and flow control through speed or displacement control are discussed. The article shows that the design of multi-quadrant machines is challenging, and this has to be considered when choosing the system architecture. |
