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Nicholas Kerry, Ria Chhabra, Jeremy DW Clifton Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USACorrespondence: Nicholas Kerry, Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Tel +1 215-898-7300, Email nickerry@sas.upenn.eduBackground: Many studies suggest a link between gratitude and life satisfaction, including experimental tests of gratitude interventions. This paper presents a systematic review of recent literature on the influence of gratitude on life satisfaction. The aim of this research is to better understand the nature of the relationship between gratitude and life satisfaction and to evaluate the state of literature.Methodology: A systematic search was conducted using four databases (APA PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO), targeting articles published since 2010. Correlational studies were included if they used the GQ6 measure of gratitude and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Intervention studies were included if they reported effects of a gratitude manipulation on SWLS scores. Forty-four articles (N = 16,529) focusing on gratitude and life satisfaction were ultimately selected. Among the selected studies, 18 employed experimental designs and 26 were cross-sectional studies. Five studies also presented cross-lagged analyses from two or more timepoints.Results: The review indicated a substantial positive correlation between gratitude and life satisfaction. Various potential mediators were also identified, including meaning in life, social support, and self-esteem. Some experimental research suggested that gratitude interventions may increase life satisfaction compared to neutral control conditions, although evidence was mixed. There was stronger evidence for these effects in people from Western countries. However, there is no strong evidence that gratitude interventions outperform positively valenced control conditions. Thus, it is possible that the effects of intervention could be caused by demand- or placebo effects.Conclusion and Recommendation: While it is clear that there is a link between gratitude and life satisfaction, the extent to which gratitude causes life satisfaction and the mechanism underlying that link require further exploration. We suggest that experimental work test effects of changes in gratitude that cannot be explained by placebo- or demand effects. We also encourage more interactive interventions as well as research that investigates third variables that could underlie both gratitude and life satisfaction.Plain Language Summary: People who feel more gratitude tend to be more satisfied with their lives and sometimes report feeling more satisfied after performing gratitude-related tasks such as listing things they are grateful for. However, not all studies find these effects, and there is little evidence that these tasks work better than simply asking people to engage in other positive thoughts. It is also possible that people respond more positively to life satisfaction surveys after these interventions because of expectations, rather than real changes in life satisfaction.Keywords: gratitude, life satisfaction, positive psychology interventions, subjective well-being |
