Amphetamine-type stimulants: Novel insights into their actions and use patterns

Autor: Miguel I. Paz-Ramos, Silvia L. Cruz, Valeria Violante-Soria
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2023
Předmět:
Zdroj: Revista de Investigación Clínica, Vol 75, Iss 3 (2023)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 0034-8376
2564-8896
DOI: 10.24875/RIC.23000110
Popis: This review focuses on the effects and mechanisms of action of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and their adverse effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. ATS include amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH, “crystalmeth,” or “ice”), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy,” or “Molly”), MDMA derivatives (e.g., methylenedioxyamphetamine [MDA] and methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine [MDEA]), khat, and synthetic cathinones. The first section of this paper presents an overview of the historical aspects of ATS use, their initial clinical use, and regulations. The second part reviews the acute and chronic impact and the most salient clinical effects of ATS on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, skin, and mouth. The chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, and classic and non-canonical pharmacological actions are covered in the third section, briefly explaining the mechanisms involved. In addition, the interactions of ATS with the central and peripheral immune systems are reviewed. The last section presents data about the syndemic of ATS and opioid use in the North American region, focusing on the increasing adulteration of METH with fentanyl.
Databáze: Directory of Open Access Journals