| Popis: |
The leak of hydrocarbon-carrying pipelines represents a serious incident, and if it is in a gas line, the economic exposure would be significant due to the high cost of lost or deferred hydrocarbon production. In addition, the leakage of hydrocarbon could pose risks to human life, have an impact on the environment, and could cause an image loss for the operating company. Pipelines are designed to operate at full capacity under steady-state flow conditions. Normal operations may involve day-to-day transients such as the operations of pumps, valves, and changes in production/delivery rates. The basic leak detection problem is to distinguish between the normal operational transients and the occurrence of non-typical process conditions that would indicate a leak. To date, the industry has concentrated on a single-phase flow, primarily of oil, gas, and ethylene. The application of a leak-monitoring system to a particular pipeline system depends on environmental issues, regulatory imperatives, loss prevention of the operating company, and safety policy rather than pipe size and configuration. This paper provides a review of the recommended guidance for leak detection of subsea pipelines in the context of pipeline integrity management. The paper also presents a review of the capability and application of various leak detection techniques that can be used to offer a roadmap to potential users of the leak detection systems. |
