| Popis: |
Hunting, which emerged as a means of subsistence, turned into a military training, sport and entertainment for the state and dynasties in parallel with the development of humancentered civilization. In the social and cultural lives of the Turkish States and their communities, which have a steppe tradition, hunting and hunting cult have a great influence as a philosophy of life? Birds of prey (receptive birds), which have a very important place in the military and social life of the Turks, have also been the symbol of the Oghuz tribes. Birds of prey names such as Cakir (Cagri), Tugrul, Aksungur, Dogan, Sahin and Atmaca were also given names to Turkish children. As a matter of fact, there are sultans and lords such as Tugrul, Cagri (Cakir), Sahin, Balaban, Dogan, Zaganos and Atmaca known with these names in history. With the spread of Islam, a different hunting cult emerged with the tradition albow, arrow, and traps as well as hunting birds, hunting dogs and other rituals in Arab hunting, which has shown a cultural development. In the palace administration of the Umayyad, Abbasi, Andalusia Umayyads, Timur, Harzemshah and Mukluks, the shikar administration level continued with various names such as Barscian, Bâzdâr, Emîru's-say, Emîr-i şikâr, Hârisü’ttayr, Sakkar and similar names. In the early periods of the Ottoman Principality, this organization was a continuation of the states established before it. Osman Gazi used to go hunting with the Alps from time to time to distant lands. The fact that Murad I also have dogs and falcons with silverrings shows the importance given to the organization. It is also known that Sekbans and Turnacis were established during this period. It is seen that in the Ottoman Empire, especially during the times of Murad I and Yıldırım Bayezid, hunting businesses developed and some of the high-ranking officers of the Janissaries such as saxoncubasi, zagarcibasi, turnacibasi, and avcibasi were called with hunting titles. There were people with the titles of sahinci and cakirci in then tour age of Sultan Murad II. In the Ottomans, the Shikar Agaligi gained its classical organization in the period of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. While the common name of the hunting officers of the foreign servants’ part of the Ottoman palace called birun was Shikar Agalari, Dogancıbasi was the patron of the dogancis in enderun. All of those working under their command were known as the people of shikar. The Shikar Aga was at a high level in terms of protocol and was considered to be among the members of the Rikab-i Humayun because they were the closes to the sultan. The hunting, which was organized in groups of cakirci, sahinci, atmacaci and doganci, also had officers in the provinces. Those in the centre are salaried, the rural one share timar (fiefs). Besides these official hunting bird breeders with military status, the provincial organization of the organization has been named and organized with special names according to the work of the personnel related to hunting birds. The sayyads, who are a kind of hunter who handed over the skins of the animals they hunted in the provincial organization to the palace lords, the gorenccis who were responsible for the care and training of the hunting birds, the goturucus who were responsible for bringing the hunting birds to the palace, the tuzakcis who set up traps for hunting birds and other game animals, there are kumecis, who collect the off spring of game birds in the region, dideban and yuvacis who watch the hunter bird nests, and tulekcis and yavrucus who take care of they young birds until they protect their nests by protecting their nests. These people were primarily responsible for hunting birds in the rural part of the organization. In addition to the timar given military in the Ottoman Empire, timar allocation was all so made to meet the needs of various units. One of thenon-military timar is the bazdaran timar. The bazdars, who were responsible for hunters and hunting birds in the Ottoman Empire, collected the nests in the mountains and rock bottoms in the area located to them, raised them for hunting, and too these birds to the palace. Those people who raised and brought hunting birds such as hawks and hawks to the palace and those who awaited their nests were assigned by the sultan ate with a certificate and they would save the timar in return for these services. In return for this service, the bashers would be exempt from customary taxes, drudgery services and avarız type of taxes. Hunting was an occupation that was also done by the people. For this reason, the public would provide hunting animals and other hunting equipment that they needed for hunting during hunting. In the ammunition records, it is recorded that some hunters hunt with falcons, hounds, hawks, and rifles. Free hunters sometimes hunted by entering state lands and took possession of state-owned game animals. Since care was taken to protect “Hassa” gardens, groves and places where Shikari Humayun would be held, these people were prohibited from hunting in the provinces and especially in Hassa-i Humayun gardens and groves. The materials of the hunters who did not obey the ban were confiscated. In the Topkapi Palace Museum Archive, there is a notebook in which the Kocaili Sancak Cakircilar registered with the code D. 00660 are recorded. This undated book is registered with a leafand is 10 sheets. In the book in question, there are information showings bazdaran timar given in Kocaili, Biga, Karesi, Saruhan, Sultanönü, Karahisar-ı Sahib, Mentese, Kastamonu, Hüdavendigâr Sancaks and Imrahor, İnegöl, Yenisehir, Mihalic, Tuzhisar and Aydincik towns and by whom they were assigned. In the introduction part of the book, there is a heading that says, “Cemaati Cakırciyan who will save the farm by seeing the farm”. After that, the names of the timar owners and the names of the villages, farms and hamlets, their affiliation and the amount of the timar were recorded separately. The fact that the Western Anatolia region was among the first conquered places and suitable for hunting animals and hunting caused it to be in the fore ground among the place sussed for shikar. This reveals the importance of places in this region among the regions that catch and feed birds. Western Anatolia has an important place in the supply and breeding of cakir, hawk, bittern, hawk and goose for Shikarı Hümayun. It is note worthy that timar was given in the name of “Ser Kazcilik” in Toyhisar sub-district within the shikar organization in the region. From this point of view, we can say that every creature used for hunting and hunting forms sub-units according to the possible regions. The fact that the “Avarız Exemptions” in the important and certificate records are written based on the timar books is an important issue. The reason for the high number of timars in the region can be explained by their low income. |
