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IntroductionSalt stress is a major constraint affecting crop productivity worldwide. Investigation of halophytes could provide valuable information for improving economically important crops to tolerate salt stress and for more effectively using halophytes to remediate saline environments. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. is a halophyte species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal regions and can absorb a large amount of sodium (Na). This study was to analyze S. portulacastrum responses to salt stress at morphological, physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic levels and pursue a better understanding of mechanisms behind its salt tolerance. MethodsThe initial experiment evaluated morphological responses of S. portulacastrum to different concentrations of NaCl in a hydroponic system, and subsequent experiments compared physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic changes in S. portulacastrum after being exposed to 0.4 M NaCl for 24 h as immediate salt stress (IS) to 14 days as adaptive salt stress (AS). Through these analyses, a working model to illustrate the integrative responses of S. portulacastrum to salt stress was proposed.ResultsPlants grown in 0.4 M NaCl were morphologically comparable to those grown in the control treatment. Physiological changes varied in control, IS, and AS plants based on the measured parameters. Proteomic analysis identified a total of 47 and 248 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in leaves and roots, respectively. KEGG analysis showed that DEPs, especially those occurring in roots, were largely related to metabolic pathways. Root metabolomic analysis showed that 292 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) occurred in IS plants and 371 in AS plants. Among them, 20.63% of upregulated DEMs were related to phenolic acid metabolism. DiscussionBased on the integrative analysis of proteomics and metabolomics, signal transduction and phenolic acid metabolism appeared to be crucial for S. portulacastrum to tolerate salt stress. Specifically, Ca2+, ABA, and JA signalings coordinately regulated salt tolerance in S. portulacastrum. The stress initially activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway through Ca2+ signal transduction and increased the content of metabolites, such as coniferin. Meanwhile, the stress inhibited MAPK signaling pathway through ABA and JA signal transduction, which promoted Na sequestration into the vacuole to maintain ROS homeostasis and enhanced S. portulacastrum tolerance to salt stress. |
