| Autor: |
Ireneusz Wróbel, Adam Skowronek, Adam Grajcar |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Rok vydání: |
2022 |
| Předmět: |
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| Zdroj: |
Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 969 (2022) |
| Druh dokumentu: |
article |
| ISSN: |
2073-8994 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/sym14050969 |
| Popis: |
The production of ultra-high strength automotive components requires a multi-directional approach. Hot stamping combines both forming and heat treatment processes to obtain a usually martensitic structure of complicated shaped automotive parts. The preparation for production using hot stamping must involve the latest methods of numerical analysis of both temperature changes and forming, which are applied for an increasing range of materials used. In this paper, the current state of knowledge about the basics of hot stamping, used technological lines, and the current state of material used with applied heat treatments and possible coatings have been reviewed. Moreover, the numerical modeling process has been described. The most important aspects of process automation, including the use of digital twins for simulation and optimization of operational kinetics of the robots accomplishing the production process, analysis and minimization of time of production cycles, and searching for weak operational points of the control systems and for real time visualization of operation of complete line, are considered. The digital twins and corresponding numerical models enable the symmetrical design of real production lines. The details of heat treatment profiles with so called tailored zone heat treatment are provided. Hot stamping is a dynamically developing technology as evidenced by the increasing range of materials used, also from the 3rd generation of advanced high strength (AHSS) steels. It starts to combine forming of symmetric or asymmetric elements with more complex heat treatment processes as required for dual phase (DP) stainless steels or the newest generation of high-strength and ductile medium-manganese steels. |
| Databáze: |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Externí odkaz: |
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