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Background. The life-history traits of non-native species are believed to change in a predictable manner in relation to time since introduction, with populations in the early stages of establishment predicted to invest more energy into reproduction than long-established populations, mainly due to lower intraspecific competition for resources. In Europe, the range of non-native pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), continues to increase. Despite this, the majority of hitherto conducted studies have investigated long-established populations only, very few focusing on newly established populations ( |
