| Popis: |
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals have highlighted the challenge posed by increasing air pollution. This study allocates PM _2.5 footprint to household consumption expenditure based on multi-regional input–output model and survey data collected from 30 000 households. The household indirect PM _2.5 footprint related to spending on food, hospital, electricity, and education rank as the top four items, plus direct PM _2.5 emissions, which in combination contribute more than 55% of total air pollution. Compared with the poor, the responsibilities for air pollution on the wealthy are more sensitive to changes in income, especially for high-end consumption categories, such as luxury goods and services, education and healthcare. Further, the wealthiest 20% of households cause 1.5 times the PM _2.5 footprint per capita than exposure to PM _2.5 emissions. The high-footprint household samples are concentrated in high-exposure areas. It is recommended that mitigation policies address inequality of PM _2.5 footprint by targeting the top 20% of footprint groups with tags of wealthy, urban resident, well-educated, small family, and apartment living. |
