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Abstract Background Tramadol provokes oxidative stress that gives rise to apoptosis with alterations in the cellular structure and adversely influences male fertility. A specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), has observable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics and enhances the improvement of organs damage caused by various agents. The impact of PDTC on testicular damage caused by tramadol has not been previously examined. Objective This study was designed to investigate the potential impact of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate on testicular damage provoked by chronic tramadol usage. Materials and methods Forty healthy adult male albino rats were included in this study. Rats were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups: group (I), control group; group (II), pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group; group (III), tramadol (Tr) group; and group (IV), Tr + PDTC group. This study measured serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and free testosterone levels. Testicular malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and caspase-8 and caspase-3 activities were also detected. Immuno-histochemical evaluation of inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in testicular tissue along with histopathological examination of testicular tissue has been studied. Results Tramadol caused a significant reduction in serum FSH, LH and testosterone levels, epididymal sperm count, and motility, as well as testicular GPX and SOD activities. On the other hand, a significant elevation of testicular MDA, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels and caspase-8 and caspase-3 activities were found. However, PDTC administration with tramadol showed significantly increased sperm production and motility and alleviated tramadol-induced disturbance in other measured parameters in the Tr + PDTC group compared to the Tr group. Moreover, co-administration of PDTC with tramadol significantly alleviated the histopathological structure of testicular tissue and the increased iNOS expressions noticed in the tramadol-treated group. Conclusion Considering the protective effects of PDTC against the reproductive toxicity induced by tramadol, this compound can be used as a possible protective and treating target for tramadol-induced reproductive toxicity. |
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