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Ebraheem Sultan,1 Mariam Albahrani,2 Jasem Alostad,3 Hameed K Ebraheem,1 Mahmud Alnaser,1 Nizar Alkhateeb1 1Department of Electronic Engineering Technology, College of Technological Studies (CTS), The Public Authority of Applied Education and Training (PAAET), State of Kuwait; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Allied Medical Science, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait; 3Department of Computing College of Basic Studies, The Public Authority of Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Shuwaikh, State of Kuwait Background: The free-space broadband frequency-modulated near-infrared (NIR) photon transmission and backscattering mode technique has been used in this paper as an optical biosensor method. Purpose: The purpose is to measure, identify, and extract the optical properties of different blood types. Patients and methods: The method depends on the measurements of broadband frequencies ranging from 30 up to 1,000 MHz to predict two important parameters related to the incident-modulated signal. Blind samples collected from 30 patients were examined using the optical NIR transmission mode system, and an additional 40 blood samples from random patients were examined using the optical NIR reflection mode system. The study is divided into two stages: The first stage is dedicated to measuring the insertion loss and insertion phase over 30–1,000 MHz in a transmission mode to characterize the behavior of modulated photons as they interact with the blood samples. The second stage is dedicated to performing noninvasive backscattering measurements using the optical band developed to match the first stage results. Results: In this paper, we have created an indexed database using optical transmission mode measurements, and then mapped it to a reflection noninvasive measurement to identify the blood types. Then for the purpose of device accuracy, we randomly selected 480 new human subjects to measure the false-negative error percentage. This method is novel in terms of using an optical system to measure and identify blood types without collecting blood samples. Conclusion: The novel approach shows a highly accurate method in identifying different blood types instantaneously using optical sensing for both in vitro and in vivo procedures, thereby saving time and effort. Keywords: fNIR spectroscopy, VCSEL – optical transmitter, APD – optical receiver, insertion phase, IP, insertion loss, IL, ABO blood typing |
