Detection and Monitoring of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A Virus 2.3.4.4b Outbreak in Dairy Cattle in the United States

Autor: Luis G. Giménez-Lirola, Brooklyn Cauwels, Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz, Ronaldo Magtoto, Jesús Hernández, Maritza Cordero-Ortiz, Rahul K. Nelli, Patrick J. Gorden, Drew R. Magstadt, David H. Baum
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2024
Předmět:
Zdroj: Viruses, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1376 (2024)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 1999-4915
DOI: 10.3390/v16091376
Popis: The emergence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N1 (HP H5N1-IAV), particularly clade H5N1 2.3.4.4b, pose a severe global health threat, affecting various species, including mammals. Historically, cattle have been considered less susceptible to IAV, but recent outbreaks of H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b in dairy farms suggest a shift in host tropism, underscoring the urgency of expanded surveillance and the need for adaptable diagnostic tools in outbreak management. This study investigated the presence of anti-nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies in serum and milk and viral RNA in milk on dairy farms affected by outbreaks in Texas, Kansas, and Michigan using a multi-species IAV ELISA and RT-qPCR. The analysis of ELISA results from a Michigan dairy farm outbreak demonstrated a positive correlation between paired serum and milk sample results, confirming the reliability of both specimen types. Our findings also revealed high diagnostic performance during the convalescent phase (up to 96%), further improving sensitivity through serial sampling. Additionally, the evaluation of diagnostic specificity using serum and milk samples from IAV-free farms showed an excellent performance (99.6%). This study underscores the efficacy of the IAV NP-blocking ELISA for detecting and monitoring H5N1-IAV 2.3.4.4b circulation in dairy farms, whose recent emergence raises significant animal welfare and zoonotic concerns, necessitating expanded surveillance efforts.
Databáze: Directory of Open Access Journals
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