| Popis: |
ABSTRACT: Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, and dairy diets are usually formulated for certain concentrations of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch due to their direct effects on dry matter intake and milk production. Forage NDF exerts greater filling effects in the rumen than other dietary components and can limit maximum voluntary feed intake of lactating dairy cows. Since an analytical method for NDF was developed more than a half century ago, it has been used widely to characterize forages and diets for dairy cows. However, because NDF is a chemical measurement varying in its digestibility, in vitro digestibility measurements were developed as a biological approach to assess forage quality. Research efforts over the last several decades led to the development of forage cultivars or hybrids with enhanced in vitro NDF digestibility, such as brown midrib, and management practices considering differences in NDF digestibility of forages. In addition, in vitro NDF digestibility and undigested NDF are commonly measured in commercial labs, and estimated rates of digestion are used in dynamic models in an effort to improve the accuracy and precision of diet formulation. Starch digestion in the rumen also varies among starch sources, being affected by grain type, extent of processing, and conservation method. The site and rate of starch digestion affect dry matter intake and nutrient partitioning in dairy cows by modifying temporal supply of fuel. In addition, dietary starch content and its fermentability can affect digestion rates of starch itself and NDF in the rumen. Previous research has increased our understanding of dietary carbohydrates, but its application for diet formulations requires integrated approaches accounting for factors affecting the filling effects of forage NDF, starch digestion, and temporal fuel supply. |
