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Application of manure and compost can result in the accumulation of veterinary antibiotics in soil, subsequently posing ecological risks. The occurrence and potential ecological risk assessment of nine antibiotics (4 tetracyclines, 3 sulfonamides, and 2 macrolides) residues in soil, manure, and compost samples collected from Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia are reported in this study. A total of 36 samples (20 soil, 8 manure, and 8 compost) were collected and their physiochemical characteristics were analyzed. Large variabilities were observed in organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient status. In the soil samples obtained, three textural groups were identified: sandy loam, loamy sand, and loam. Overall, the mean concentrations of all detected antibiotics measured were lower ( |
