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This study investigates the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary-layer flow over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium, focusing on the innovative use of hybrid nanofluids. The research has practical applications in heat exchangers, nanofluid technology, porous media, and MHD systems. Key governing parameters, including internal heat sources/sinks, multiple slips, and thermal radiation, are analyzed for their impact on the flow. The nanofluid consists of hybridized nanoparticles (Alumina-Magnetite) dispersed in a water and ethylene glycol mixture (WEG-50:50). Assuming steady-state, incompressible, and laminar flow with small boundary layer thickness and constant nanofluid properties, the governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy, and species concentration are formulated. The fluid is modeled as a non-Newtonian (Maxwell) fluid. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations system, with specified boundary conditions, is solved using the Runge-Kutta integration scheme implemented in MAPLE 23. Numerical results of heat transfer rates are validated against existing data, showing a 12 % increase in the Nusselt number for the WEG-Al2O3 nanofluid and a 20 % increase for the hybrid WEG- Al2O3–Fe3O4 nanofluid. It is demonstrated that skin friction decreases by up to 15 % with increased thermal Grashof number and that the Nusselt number can be reduced by up to 10 % due to magnetic effects. Overall, hybrid nanofluids generally demonstrate higher Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, enhancing heat transfer efficiency. |
