Streamlined Subpopulation, Subtype, and Recombination Analysis of HIV-1 Half-Genome Sequences Generated by High-Throughput Sequencing

Autor: Bhavna Hora, Naila Gulzar, Yue Chen, Konstantinos Karagiannis, Fangping Cai, Chang Su, Krista Smith, Vahan Simonyan, Sharaf Ali Shah, Manzoor Ahmed, Ana M. Sanchez, Mars Stone, Myron S. Cohen, Thomas N. Denny, Raja Mazumder, Feng Gao
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Zdroj: mSphere, Vol 5, Iss 5 (2020)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 2379-5042
54343992
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00551-20
Popis: ABSTRACT High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been widely used to characterize HIV-1 genome sequences. There are no algorithms currently that can directly determine genotype and quasispecies population using short HTS reads generated from long genome sequences without additional software. To establish a robust subpopulation, subtype, and recombination analysis workflow, we amplified the HIV-1 3′-half genome from plasma samples of 65 HIV-1-infected individuals and sequenced the entire amplicon (∼4,500 bp) by HTS. With direct analysis of raw reads using HIVE-hexahedron, we showed that 48% of samples harbored 2 to 13 subpopulations. We identified various subtypes (17 A1s, 4 Bs, 27 Cs, 6 CRF02_AGs, and 11 unique recombinant forms) and defined recombinant breakpoints of 10 recombinants. These results were validated with viral genome sequences generated by single genome sequencing (SGS) or the analysis of consensus sequence of the HTS reads. The HIVE-hexahedron workflow is more sensitive and accurate than just evaluating the consensus sequence and also more cost-effective than SGS. IMPORTANCE The highly recombinogenic nature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) leads to recombination and emergence of quasispecies. It is important to reliably identify subpopulations to understand the complexity of a viral population for drug resistance surveillance and vaccine development. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) provides improved resolution over Sanger sequencing for the analysis of heterogeneous viral subpopulations. However, current methods of analysis of HTS reads are unable to fully address accurate population reconstruction. Hence, there is a dire need for a more sensitive, accurate, user-friendly, and cost-effective method to analyze viral quasispecies. For this purpose, we have improved the HIVE-hexahedron algorithm that we previously developed with in silico short sequences to analyze raw HTS short reads. The significance of this study is that our standalone algorithm enables a streamlined analysis of quasispecies, subtype, and recombination patterns from long HIV-1 genome regions without the need of additional sequence analysis tools. Distinct viral populations and recombination patterns identified by HIVE-hexahedron are further validated by comparison with sequences obtained by single genome sequencing (SGS).
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