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Jeremy Adler,1 Theresa Mallick-Searle,2 Mark Garofoli,3 Amanda Zimmerman4 1Pacific Pain Medicine Consultants, Encinitas, CA, USA; 2Division of Pain Medicine, Stanford Health Care, Redwood City, CA, USA; 3West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA; 4West Forsyth Pain Management, Winston-Salem, NC, USACorrespondence: Jeremy Adler, Pacific Pain Medicine Consultants, 477 N. El Camino Real, Ste B301, Encinitas, CA, 92024, USA, Email jadler@pacificpainmed.comAbstract: Due to the prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in the US, a significant percentage of the population is prescribed opioids for pain management. However, opioid use disorder is associated with reduced quality of life, along with fatal opioid overdoses, and is a significant burden on the US economy. Considering the clinical needs of patients with intractable chronic pain and the potential harms associated with prescribed and illicit opioids in our communities, having a deep understanding of current treatment options, supporting evidence, and clinical practice guidelines is essential for optimizing treatment selections. Buprenorphine is a Schedule III opioid with a unique mechanism of action, allowing effective and long-lasting analgesia at microgram doses with fewer negative side effects and adverse events, including respiratory depression, when compared with other immediate-release, long-acting, and extended-release prescription opioids. Due to its relatively lower risk for overdose and misuse, buprenorphine was recently added to the Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain as a first-line treatment for chronic pain managed by opioids by the US Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs, and the Department of Health and Human Services recommends that buprenorphine be made available for the treatment of chronic pain. In this narrative review, we discuss the different buprenorphine formulations, clinical efficacy, advantages for older adults and other special populations, clinical practice guideline recommendations, and payer considerations of buprenorphine and suggest that buprenorphine products approved for chronic pain should be considered as a first-line treatment for this indication.Keywords: opioid analgesics, partial opioid agonists, opioid crisis, chronic pain |
