SIG y análisis espacial de la distribución territorial y funcional del Neolítico en la sierra de Atapuerca y la cuenca del Arlanzón (VI-IV milenio cal BC)
| Autor: | Francisco Javier Marcos-Saiz |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | German<br />English<br />Spanish; Castilian<br />Basque<br />French |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | Munibe Antropologia-Arkeologia, Vol 70 (2019) |
| Druh dokumentu: | article |
| ISSN: | 1132-2217 2172-4555 |
| DOI: | 10.21630/maa.2019.70.06 |
| Popis: | Este trabajo presenta con las técnicas geoespaciales y estadísticas del SIG un análisis territorial del Neolítico de la sierra de Atapuerca y la cuenca del Arlanzón (Burgos) (VI-IV milenio cal BC). El trabajo de campo está basado en excavaciones (cuevas, túmulos y sitios de exterior) y en 10 prospecciones sistemáticas intensivas de cobertura total sobre un área de 314 km2 (10 km de radio de Cueva Mayor). El mapeo de los sitios con Modelos Digitales del Terreno (MDTs), la clasificación funcional con datos tecnoculturales y las técnicas de análisis espacial del SIG han sido las herramientas más útiles para proporcionar nueva información del poblamiento. El Neolítico del territorio (VI-IV milenio cal BC) manifiesta una densa articulación funcional de sitios con una estrategia de subsistencia agropecuaria: cuevas y galerías (zonas habitacionales y de estabulación del ganado, zonas funerarias y espacios simbólicos), estructuras funerarias megalíticas, poblados, campamentos, talleres de sílex y otros sitios con actividades económicas complementarias. __________________ This paper presents with the GIS geospatial and statistical techniques a territorial analysis of the Neolithic sites from Sierra de Atapuerca and the Arlanzón Basin (Burgos) (VI-IV millennium cal BC). The area around Sierra de Atapuerca is a geostrategic territory for knowledge of the neolithisation process on the Northern Iberian Plateau. The Early Neolithic radiocarbon datings on short-life samples from Mayor Cave and El Mirador Cave (Sierra de Atapuerca) are amongst the oldest of this period on the North Plateau (last third of the VI millennium cal BC; ca. 5400/5300 cal BC). Sierra de Atapuerca is the final Cretaceous spur in the north-western part of the Iberian Range, it is close to the Basque-Cantabrian Mesozoic boundary, the nearby Bureba Depression is a natural corridor, there is a diversity of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic material around Sierra de la Demanda (Iberian Range), and the boundary between the Duero and Ebro River basins all formed a highly propitious geological, geomorphological, edaphic and palaeoecological context for Neolithic settlements. The Neogene and Cretaceous flint outcrops in the study area, of considerable quality for prehistoric technology, are another aspect of geological and palaeoeconomic importance. The fieldwork was based on several systematic excavations (caves, megalithic mounds and open-air sites) and on ten full-coverage intensive systematic surveys in a 314 km2 study area (10 km radius around Mayor Cave). The results of the full-coverage intensive systematic survey project have proven highly successful, with near of 200 archaeological sites from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age in the 314 km2 study area. The mapping of all Neolithic sites with Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) of high resolution (10 m cell size), the site functional classification with techno-cultural data (the Multivariate Analysis of techno-typological variables of the lithic and ceramic tools) and the GIS spatial analysis techniques have been the most useful tools to provide new insights about the Neolithic settlement. The neolithisation process of this territory is one of the oldest on the Northern Iberian Plateau, which refutes the old historiographic claims of settlement gaps and delayed areas. Domestic agrotypes of wheat and barley, ovicaprid livestock, Neolithic pottery, shaped and polished tools are all present in the karst records and the open air sites from the VI millennium cal BC. The Neolithic of this territory shows a dense functional articulation of sites from the VI to the IV millennium cal BC with a subsistence agriculture and livestock strategy: caves and galleries (inhabitation zones and livestock stabling, funerary zones and symbolic spaces), megalithic funerary structures, settlements, campsites, flintknapping workshops and other sites with complementary economic activities. |
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