| Popis: |
To achieve one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and to explore the zero-waste concept, a biocircular platform for the valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) mixed with 3 agricultural wastes (cassava pulp, soybean residue and coconut pulp) as biosolid fuels of solid alcohol fuel (SAF) and lipid briquette fuel (LBF) was investigated. First, the WCO was physically pretreated, and then free fatty acids (FFA) were extracted using hexane through saponification to produce SAF. The conditions used were a 250 rpm agitation rate, 30 °C and 30 min. Meanwhile, in the case of LBF, the WCO sample was directly used via non-saponification. A ratio of 1:1 (WCO/FFA and alcoholic sodium) was mixed in each of the 3 biomass wastes, and finally, the mixture was formed into molds. The results indicated that SAF with soybean residue showed a higher heating value of 29.541 MJ/kg. Meanwhile, the LBF with cassava pulp, soybean residue and coconut pulp reached boiling times of approximately 288, 253 and 260 s, respectively. The SAF showed a thermal property better than the LBF. The SAF with soybean residue reached a minimum boiling time (170 s) and the longest ignited fuel time of 930 s. The application of agricultural wastes mixed with WCO could be a successful alternative approach to produce value-added products. In addition, different characteristics of SAF/LBF depend not only on different kinds of agricultural wastes but also on the density, moisture, binder contents, and method used for molding. |
