| Autor: |
Qiuhui Ren, Wouter Bakker, Sebastiaan Wesseling, Hans Bouwmeester, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Rok vydání: |
2023 |
| Předmět: |
|
| Zdroj: |
Antioxidants, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 1544 (2023) |
| Druh dokumentu: |
article |
| ISSN: |
2076-3921 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/antiox12081544 |
| Popis: |
Purpurin is a major anthraquinone present in the roots of Rubia cordifolia (madder). Purpurin is known to activate Nrf2 (Nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) EpRE (electrophile responsive element) mediated gene expression as a potential beneficial effect. This study aimed to elucidate the balance between the electrophilicity or pro-oxidant activity of purpurin underlying the Nrf2 induction. For this, Nrf2 activation with modified intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels was measured in an Nrf2 CALUX reporter gene assay. In addition, both cell-free and intracellular ROS formation of purpurin with modified (intracellular) GSH levels at different pH were quantified using the DCF-DA assay. GSH adduct formation was evaluated by UPLC and LC-TOF-MS analysis. GSH and GSSG levels following purpurin incubations were quantified by LC-MS/MS. We show that Nrf2 induction by purpurin was significantly increased in cells with buthionine sulfoximine depleted GSH levels, while Nrf2 induction was decreased upon incubation of the cells with N-acetylcysteine being a precursor of GSH. In cell-free incubations, ROS formation increased with increasing pH pointing at a role for the deprotonated form of purpurin. Upon incubations of purpurin with GSH at physiological pH, GSH adduct formation appeared negligible ( |
| Databáze: |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Externí odkaz: |
|
