Mycotoxin contamination in dried and high moisture fermented cereals in Estonia

Autor: Helgi Kaldmäe, Andres Olt, Meelis Ots
Jazyk: English<br />Estonian
Rok vydání: 2016
Předmět:
Zdroj: Agraarteadus, Vol 27, Iss 1, Pp 19-25 (2016)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 1024-0845
2228-4893
Popis: Cereal quality is estimated by chemical composition and fermentation parameters, but there is need to check for the presence of mycotoxins. Feed cereals are stored dried, with a dry matter of 86% or ensiled in a silo with a dry matter of 55–75%. A high moisture content in cereals is a good substrate for the growth of mould fungi of a range of genera (Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium), the availability of their metabolites and of other undesirable microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive quality, the concentrations of zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the fermentation process of ensiled high moisture cereals prepared for feeding to cows in Estonia. A total of 190 samples of dried cereals (DC): 56 wheat, 113 barley, 11 oats, 4 triticale and 4 rye, and 147 samples of high moisture cereals (HMC) collected and analysed. The mean DM content of the DC was 86.9% and of the HMC 68.1%. In this study the DC were found to contain mycotoxins, 70.5% of the samples were positive for DON and 68.4% were positive for ZEA, while in the HMC these were 85.7 and 96.6% respectively. The mean DON content in the DC was 100.4 ppb, and the mean content of ZEA in the DC was 27.6 ppb; the contents in the for these mycotoxins in the HMC were 189.6 ppb and 163.6 ppb respectively. The concentration of mycotoxins between the different species of cereal did not differ significantly. The of DON and ZEA contents were related the dry matter of HMC. The DON concentration in low DM (63.3%) cereal was 220.0 ppb and of ZEA 204.5 ppb while in the higher DM (75.5%) cereal the concentrations were 141.4 ppb and 94.7 ppb respectively. The fermentation quality of the HMC was good. The threshold mycotoxin level in feed, below which there are no negative effects on health and performance in dairy cows are, for DON under 500 ppb and ZEA under 100 ppb. These are considered low levels of toxins; moderate levels are, for DON 500–2,000 ppb and for ZEA 100–250 ppb, and high levels are over 2,000 ppb and over 250 ppb respectively. Of the samples, 94.7% of DC were at the low level of DON while 89.1% were at the low level for ZEA. Of the HMC samples, 89.7% and 50.7% were at the low level for the mycotoxins, while 9.5% had levels of DON at moderate level and 33.1% had levels of ZEA at moderate levels.
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