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Freshwater scarcity is becoming increasingly widespread, particularly in coastal countries and territories. Many advanced technologies have been introduced to desalinate seawater into potable water, including multi-effect distillation (MED), multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), vapor compression distillation (MVC), and membrane filtration technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and electrolysis (ED), which allow water to pass through while retaining salt and other minerals. RO filtration technology is commonly used owing to its advantages, such as high salt removal ability, wide application range, and high-purity output water. The different water qualities and operating conditions cause the filtration performance and lifespan of RO membranes to decrease gradually over time. This mini review provides an overview of the different methods for modifying RO membrane surfaces for various purposes, including fouling resistance, chlorine resistance, improved separation performance, and microbial resistance, to prolong the lifespan and separation performance of RO membranes. The technical advantages and limitations, as well as the feasibility of RO membrane surface modification methods that can be scaled up on an industrial scale, are clarified. Finally, prospects and research gaps in RO membrane surface modification methods are discussed to guide further research on RO membranes. |
