A Laboratory-Scale Evaluation of Smart Pebble Sensors Embedded in Geomaterials

Autor: Syed Faizan Husain, Mohammad Shoaib Abbas, Han Wang, Issam I. A. Qamhia, Erol Tutumluer, John Wallace, Matthew Hammond
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2024
Předmět:
Zdroj: Sensors, Vol 24, Iss 9, p 2733 (2024)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 1424-8220
DOI: 10.3390/s24092733
Popis: This paper introduces a novel approach to measure deformations in geomaterials using the recently developed ‘Smart Pebble’ sensors. Smart Pebbles were included in triaxial test specimens of unbound aggregates stabilized with geogrids. The sensors are equipped with an aggregate particle/position tracking algorithm that can manage uncertainty arising due to signal noise and random walk effects. Two Smart Pebbles were placed in each test specimen, one at specimen’s mid-height, where a geogrid was installed in the mechanically stabilized specimen, and one towards the top of the specimen. Even with simple raw data processing, the trends on linear vertical acceleration indicated the ability of Smart Pebbles to assess the geomaterial configuration and applied stress states. Employing a Kalman filter-based algorithm, the Smart Pebble position coordinates were tracked during testing. The specimen’s resilient deformations were simultaneously recorded. bender element shear wave transducer pairs were also installed on the specimens to further validate the Smart Pebble small-strain responses. The results indicate a close agreement between the BE sensors and Smart Pebbles estimates towards local stiffness enhancement quantification in the geogrid specimen. The study findings confirm the viability of using the Smart Pebbles in describing the resilient behavior of an aggregate material under repeated loading.
Databáze: Directory of Open Access Journals
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