The prevalence of primary headache disorders in children and adolescents in Zambia: a schools-based study

Autor: Nfwama Kawatu, Somwe Wa Somwe, Ornella Ciccone, Misheck Mukanzu, Derya Uluduz, Tayyar Şaşmaz, Bengü Nehir Buğdaycı Yalçın, Christian Wöber, Timothy J. Steiner
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2022
Předmět:
Zdroj: The Journal of Headache and Pain, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2022)
Druh dokumentu: article
ISSN: 1129-2369
1129-2377
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01477-x
Popis: Abstract Background The Global Campaign against Headache collects data from children (6–11 years) and adolescents (12–17) to inform health and education policies and contribute to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. This survey in Zambia, part of this global enquiry, was the second from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods Following the generic protocol, this was a schools-based cross-sectional survey. We used the child and adolescent versions of the structured Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire, self-completed by pupils within classes, in a total of nine schools in Lusaka (urban) and Copperbelt (semi-rural). These two of Zambia’s ten provinces were selected to represent the country’s urban/rural divide. Headache diagnostic questions were based on ICHD-3 except for undifferentiated headache (UdH). Results Of 2,759 potential participants, 2,089 (615 children [29.4%], 1,474 adolescents [70.6%]) completed questionnaires (participating proportion 75.7%). Children were therefore under-represented (mean age 13.1 ± 2.8 years), while gender distribution (1,128 [54.0%] male, 961 [46.0%] female) was close to expectation. Observed lifetime prevalence of headache was 97.5%. Gender- and age-adjusted 1-year prevalence estimates were 85.8% for all headache, 53.2% for migraine (definite 17.5%, probable 35.7%), 12.1% for tension-type headache (TTH), 14.8% for UdH, 3.3% for all headache on ≥ 15 days/month and 0.9% for probable medication-overuse headache. Headache durations were short: only 28.6% of participants with any headache, and only 10.5% of those diagnosed as probable migraine, reported usual durations of > 2 h (the threshold for definite migraine). Of the latter, 36.6% reported
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