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Vittorio Lenzo,1 Alberto Sardella,2 Alessandro Musetti,3 Maria Francesca Freda,4 Daniela Lemmo,4 Elena Vegni,5 Lidia Borghi,5 Giuseppe Plazzi,6,7 Laura Palagini,8,9 Gianluca Castelnuovo,10,11 Roberto Cattivelli,12 Rachele Mariani,13 Giovanni Michelini,14 Tommaso Manari,3 Emanuela Saita,10 Maria C Quattropani,15 Christian Franceschini16 1Department of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners “Dante Alighieri” of Reggio Calabria, Reggio, Calabria, Italy; 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; 3Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; 4Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; 5Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; 6Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; 7IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; 8Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AUOP), Pisa, Italy; 9Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; 10Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy; 11Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy; 12Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; 13Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy; 14Sigmund Freud University, Milano, Italy; 15Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; 16Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, ItalyCorrespondence: Vittorio LenzoDepartment of Social and Educational Sciences of the Mediterranean Area, University for Foreigners “Dante Alighieri” of Reggio Calabria, Via del Torrione 95, Reggio Calabria, 89125, ItalyEmail v.lenzo@unidarc.itPurpose: Previous studies showed poor sleep quality during the first Italian lockdown consequent to the quick spread of the virus. Poor sleep quality remained stable during the so-called “second wave”, which started in Autumn 2020. This study aimed to compare sleep quality between the two waves of contagions and to examine the effect of resilience, together with sociodemographic and COVID-related variables, on sleep quality during the second wave.Patients and Methods: A total of 648 participated in this longitudinal study through an online survey during the first lockdown consequent to the COVID-19 and during the second wave. The Medical Outcomes Study—Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) and the Resilience Scale (RS) were administered. Sociodemographic and COVID-related information were also collected.Results: The results showed sleep quality slightly increased in the second wave, even though with a small effect size. Correlational analysis showed that resilience is inversely correlated with sleep quality measured in the two waves. Sleep quality during the second wave was positively correlated with sleep quality in the first lockdown. Likewise, the results of multiple regression revealed that the sleep quality in the first lockdown and resilience were significant predictors of sleep quality during the second wave.Conclusion: These findings highlighted that the prevalence of poor sleepers remained high during the second wave. Together with the sleep quality in the first lockdown, resilience represents an important factor related to sleep quality during the second wave. Interventions to improve sleep quality among the general population should take into account these findings.Keywords: clinical psychology, health, sleep quality, resilience, longitudinal |
