Field demonstration of breathable laminate-lined container-based toilets in Kanpur, India
| Autor: | Shray Saxena, Puneet K. Srivastava, Steven K. Dentel, Paul T. Imhoff, Daniel K. Cha |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, Vol 11, Iss 3, Pp 505-514 (2021) |
| Druh dokumentu: | article |
| ISSN: | 2043-9083 2408-9362 |
| DOI: | 10.2166/washdev.2021.011 |
| Popis: | Drying of fecal sludge (FS) enclosed in a breathable, hydrophobic membrane laminate was investigated in 208 and 40 L container-based toilet (CBS) systems referred to as Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs). EVTs were constructed and pilot tested in four households in urban slums of Kanpur, India over a period of 2 years. The average moisture losses of 0.8 and 0.9 kg/day were observed in laminate-lined 208 L drums for Year 1 tests, and this in situ drying decreases disposal frequency by 8 days compared with CBS that do not allow FS drying. In Year 2, smaller EVTs with 40 L laminate-lined drums and waste segregation increased replacement time over conventional CBS by 45%, as opposed to the 19% increase observed in Year 1 tests. Despite its limitations, the stagnant film model using meteorological data predicted the mass-loss rate within 52 and 28% error for the 208 and 40 L drums, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS Eco-Vapor toilets (EVTs) use breathable laminate-lined drums to store and dry fecal sludge.; Drying rates of 40 L containers were higher than those of 208 L drums.; In situ drying in the 40 L EVT extended the replacement time by 45%.; The stagnant film model predicted mass-loss rates within 28% error for the 40 L EVT.; |
| Databáze: | Directory of Open Access Journals |
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