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The modern energy requirements and the orientation towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) integration promote the transition of distribution grids from passive, unidirectional, fossil fuel-based into active, bidirectional, environmental-friendly architectures. For this purpose, advanced control algorithms and optimization processes are implemented, the performance of which relies on the Distribution System State Estimation (DSSE). DSSE algorithms provide the Distribution System Operator (DSO) with detailed information regarding the network’s state in order to derive the optimal decisions. However, this task is quite complex as the distribution system has inherent unbalance issues, often faces lack of adequate measurements, etc. The purpose of this paper is to review the DSSE algorithms that a system can incorporate with emphasis on their particular requirements, the mathematical formulation of the problem, the analysis of the existing model-based and data-driven approaches and the recommended solutions regarding observability issues, bad data detection, and meter placement strategies. Furthermore, special attention is paid to DSSE applications, including the use cases where they can be deployed, the approaches that are usually followed, the integrated distributed power supply units, as well as their future trends and challenges, thus highlighting their business-related aspects. |
