| Autor: |
Theodoros Grigoratos, Athanasios Mamakos, Michael Arndt, Dmytro Lugovyy, Robert Anderson, Christian Hafenmayer, Mikko Moisio, Joonas Vanhanen, Richard Frazee, Carlos Agudelo, Barouch Giechaskiel |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Rok vydání: |
2023 |
| Předmět: |
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| Zdroj: |
Atmosphere, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 103 (2023) |
| Druh dokumentu: |
article |
| ISSN: |
2073-4433 |
| DOI: |
10.3390/atmos14010103 |
| Popis: |
The stringency of vehicle exhaust emissions regulations resulted in a significant decrease in exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions over the years. Non-exhaust particles (i.e., from brakes and tyres) account for almost half or more of road transport-induced ambient PM. Even with the internal combustion engine ban in 2035, electrified vehicles will still emit PM from brake and tyre wear. Consequently, non-exhaust PM emissions cannot decrease significantly without any regulatory measures. Because independent research carried out under different methods is not readily comparable, a Global Technical Regulation (GTR), which sets the procedures and boundaries of testing brake wear particle emissions, is currently under development. This overview describes the particle number (PN) measurement setup based on the well-known exhaust emissions PN methodology. We provide the technical requirements and the expected maximum losses. In addition, we estimate the effect of particle losses on the differences between different setups for typical size distributions observed during brake testing. Finally, we compare brake testing PN specifications to those of exhaust PN. |
| Databáze: |
Directory of Open Access Journals |
| Externí odkaz: |
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