| Popis: |
The increasing abundance of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the environment has increased susceptibility to acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). During PM2.5 exposure, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production triggers a redox imbalance, which contributes to damage to organelles and disruption of homeostasis. At present, there are limited data on whether NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance increases susceptibility to acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, the current study was aimed to evaluate the role of NOX4/Nrf2 redox balance on AECOPD induced by PM2.5-CS-exposure. Here, we report that PM2.5 exacerbates cytotoxicity by enhancing NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance-mediated mitophagy. First, exposure to a low-dose of PM2.5 (200 μg/ml) significantly exacerbated oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by increasing the ROS overproduction, enhancing the excessive NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance, decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and enhancing the mitochondrial fragmentation that were caused by a low-dose of CSE (2.5%). Second, coexposure to PM2.5 and CSE (PM2.5-CSE) induced excessive mitophagy. Third, PM2.5 exacerbated CS-induced COPD, as shown by excessive inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine production and mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell hyperplasia, NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance, and mitophagy, these effects triggered excessive ROS production and mitochondrial damage in mice. Mechanistically, PM2.5-CS-induced excessive levels of mitophagy by triggering redox imbalance, leading to greater cytotoxicity and AECOPD; however, reestablishing the NOX4/Nrf2 redox balance via NOX4 blockade or mitochondria-specific ROS inhibitor treatment alleviated this cytotoxicity and ameliorated AECOPD. PM2.5 may exacerbate NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance and subsequently enhance mitophagy by increasing the ROS and mito-ROS levels, thereby increasing susceptibility to AECOPD. |
