Hydroxide salts in the clouds of Venus: their effect on the sulfur cycle and cloud droplet pH
| Autor: | Rimmer, Paul B., Jordan, Sean, Constantinou, Tereza, Woitke, Peter, Shorttle, Oliver, Paschodimas, Alessia, Hobbs, Richard |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: | |
| Druh dokumentu: | Working Paper |
| Popis: | The depletion of SO$_2$ and H$_2$O in and above the clouds of Venus (45 -- 65 km) cannot be explained by known gas-phase chemistry and the observed composition of the atmosphere. We apply a full-atmosphere model of Venus to investigate three potential explanations for the SO$_2$ and H$_2$O depletion: (1) varying the below-cloud water vapor (H$_2$O), (2) varying the below-cloud sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$), and (3) the incorporation of chemical reactions inside the sulfuric acid cloud droplets. We find that increasing the below-cloud H$_2$O to explain the SO$_2$ depletion results in a cloud top that is 20 km too high, above-cloud O$_2$ three orders of magnitude greater than observational upper limits and no SO above 80 km. The SO$_2$ depletion can be explained by decreasing the below-cloud SO$_2$ to $20\,{\rm ppm}$. The depletion of SO$_2$ in the clouds can also be explained by the SO$_2$ dissolving into the clouds, if the droplets contain hydroxide salts. These salts buffer the cloud pH. The amount of salts sufficient to explain the SO$_2$ depletion entail a droplet pH of $\sim 1$ at 50 km. Since sulfuric acid is constantly condensing out into the cloud droplets, there must be a continuous and pervasive flux of salts of $\approx 10^{-13} \, {\rm mol \, cm^{-2} \, s^{-1}}$ driving the cloud droplet chemistry. An atmospheric probe can test both of these explanations by measuring the pH of the cloud droplets and the concentrations of gas-phase SO$_2$ below the clouds. Comment: Accepted for publication in The Planetary Science Journal. We kindly ask the planetary science community for feedback and comments. (67 pages, 8 Figures, 7 Tables, Full Model Output Data: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AKUTME) |
| Databáze: | arXiv |
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