Тираспольский укреплённый район – заложник обстоятельств (1941 г.)
| Jazyk: | ukrajinština |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2015 |
| Předmět: | |
| Zdroj: | Історичний архів. Наукові студії; № 13 (2014) |
| ISSN: | 2077-5709 2413-578X |
| Popis: | Реконструйовано хід бойових дій в смузі Тираспольського укріпленого району влітку 1941 року та вказано причини його прориву. Tiraspol fortified area was equipped on the left (eastern) bank of the Dniester river, from the mouth of the Yahorlyk river to Kuchurhansky estuary. The left (northern) flank of the fortified area bordered and closely interacted with the right (southern) flank of the Rybnytsya FA, the right (southern) near the town Mayaky was built on the Dniester estuary. The major operational areas of the fortified area were: Tiraspol – Zatyshshya station; Bendery – Tiraspol – Rozdilna station, both areas derive to the railroad Kyiv – Odesa. The data’ importance was determined with: dislocation of the Romanian army military units close to the border, broad valleys of the Reut and Byk rivers, the outputs of which are covered with gardens and forests, that allowed the enemy to come hiddenly to the Dniester, and to the dominant banks of the Dniester on the enemy’s side, the possibility to counteract with enemy’s land troops with its naval forces. Thus the fortified area covered an important strategic direction and took an important place in the southern defense complex of Stalin line, built on the river Dniester.On May 31, 1941 in Tyraspol fortified area mobilization measures were carried out. To the garrison’s structure were included: the 64th, the 65th, the 66th, the 72nd, the 73rd and the 74th separate machine-gun battalions, the 397th Artillery Regiment, 11 platoons of casemate artillery, the 150th Separate Intercommunication Battalion, the 136th Separate Engineering Battalion, the 221st Separate Motor platoon.So after mobilization activities conducting the Tiraspol garrison fortified area personnel accounted more than ten thousand soldiers and commanders. The garrison of the fortified area was armed with: 632 heavy machine guns "Maxim", 285 Dehtyaryov light machine guns, about a hundred artillery cannons of various calibers, 26 MS-1 tanks (with 45-mm cannon), 100 tractors and nearly three thousand horses.It is known that because of enemy’s breach on the Mohyliv Yampil fortified area main defense line, it got the opportunity to lead active offensive operations to the south along the left bank of the Dniester. This led to the release of significant enemy forces in the rear of the Rybnytsya and flank of the Tiraspol fortified areas. After breaking through the main defense line of the Tyraspol FA near Dubossary the 9th Army troops of Southern Front came under the threat of circulation near Kodym, Kotovsk, Dubossary. Therefore, the Southern Front command was forced to give the order to move away from the main defense line of the Tiraspol fortified area.The further actions of the Tiraspol garrison fortified area are described in the former chief engineer of the Southern Front, the Soviet Union Hero, Major General Arkady Khrenov’s memoirs: "...If the Prymorska Army went beyond the Dniester in relative order, it was the great merit of the Tyraspol fortified area. Starting from July 25, 1941, the fortified area strongly beat continuous enemy attacks off. During twelve days the fortified area was kept - kept till the end, until the enemy began to bypass it from the right flank, pushing the 9th Army forces".The Tyraspol fortified area was holding the enemy in check for twelve days, providing retreat to the Dniester Prymorska Army’s parts, as it was included to its stuff at the end of July. The length of the fortified area on the front was a hundred and fifty miles. On August 4, 1941, when troops of the 9th Army retreated, exposing its right flank, a real threat of encirclement appeared. The fortified areas could be attacked from the rear and captured by the enemy together with its arms and material property. Therefore, on August 5, 1941 the Military Council of Prymorska Army gave to the Tyraspol fortified area commandant Colonel G. Kochenov order to leave long-termed fire facilities, to take people with weapons, vehicles and all ammunition out, and to use it to replenish the field troops. Commandant of the Tyraspol fortified area completed the order: during the 6th of August, 1941 under the guise of one single machine-gun battalion, and one artillery battalion that beat off numerous enemy attacks, ammunition and numerous material resources were taken off to Karpov railway station, that were loaded into wagons and sent to Odesa to which was just forty miles. In the evening the fortified area garrison, removing mounted machine-guns from the long-term fire facilities, and having exploit forty seven 76-mm casemate cannons, hastily retreated with Prymorska Army parts. The machine-gun long-term fire facilities of the Tyraspol fortified area were not prepared in advance for undermining, and that’s why they were failed to destroy."On August 7, 1941 all the units of the Tiraspol garrison fortified area retreated to the railway station Karpov. Hence, by order of the Chief of Front Headquarter, General Sheshenin, two separate gun battalions were sent to Odesa to overhaul, and before to the disposal of the Prymorska Army headquarter from the Tiraspol fortified area garrison were sent separate battalions – Sapper and Intercommunication. The remaining individual gun battalions and an artillery regiment joined the Prymorska Army infantry divisions. Thus, the Tyraspol fortified area ceased to exist. Instead the Prymorska Army has added eleven thousand well-trained gunners, artillery, engineers, signalers, intelligence, was about 500 machine-guns and 320 hand-held heavy machine guns with 3.5 million live rounds, the regiment of artillery guns with five fighting sets for each cannon. This significantly increased the combat power of two infantry divisions of Prymorska Army".Germans also left their memories associated with breakthrough of the Tyraspol FA. So they, in particular, wrote: The Russians fortified well the isthmus near the settlement Pogreby in the Tiraspol district, correctly assuming that the attacker, using the hidden beneficial opportunities of access to the water obstacle, in this very place and trying to make a break through and forcing a defensive position on the Dniester.At the isthmus 3 km wide, that was the sloping, open area behind the anti- tank ditch 2.5-3 m wide, polygonal obstacles and invisible barbed wires, there were four machine guns long-term defensive facilities with twelve machine guns that fired on the front and on the flanks, and a tank fire facility for combating armored targets and artillery on opened fire positions and infantry. Among them were located numerous well camouflaged positions of the field type. Artillery fire was opposed with artillery batteries that were hidden in the valley and on the reverse slopes of hills to the east of the road Tyraspol – Grigoriopol.Areas of heavy weapons firing were displayed after firing positions studying of defense positions, Russian drawings were not found. Field of fire from the long-term fire facilities were mostly well looked through, but facility 711 was not very favorably situated. Protection of terrains that were not covered by long-term defensive facilities and other tactically important points were provided with heavy machine guns, for them were made alternative firing positions.With typical for Germans thoroughness and a tendency to analyze the actions of the enemy, German experts summarized the Tyraspol FA breakout: "The fact that this attack has been completed successfully in a short time with relatively small losses is the result o, firstly, the training quality of the German troops, and secondly the failure of Russian command that could not use properly the high defense possibilities of the fortified area, combining concrete ramparts and defensive positions of the field type". The preparation experience for speeding and breaking heavily fortified positions gained on the Dniester river and in other parts of the battle, it follows that the Russian defensive positions might be destroyed by means of military engineering troops, such as flamethrowers and smoke bombs combined with lumped charges of explosives and hand grenades during fire heavy weapons infantry cover. Реконструирован ход боевых действий в полосе Тираспольского укрепленного района летом 1941 года и указаны причины его прорыва. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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