| Autor: |
Munksgaard, Lene, Ternman, Emma Matilda, Veissier, Isabelle, Duthie, Carol-Anne, Baumont, René |
| Přispěvatelé: |
Mesgaran, Sadjad Danesh, Baumont, René, Munksgaard, Lene, Humphries, David, Kennedy, Emer, Dijkstra, Jan, Dewherst, Richard, Ferguson, Holly, Terré, Marta, Kuhla, Björn |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Rok vydání: |
2020 |
| Předmět: |
|
| Zdroj: |
Munksgaard, L, Ternman, E M, Veissier, I, Duthie, C-A & Baumont, R 2020, Lying, standing, and eating beahviour . in S D Mesgaran, R Baumont, L Munksgaard, D Humphries, E Kennedy, J Dijkstra, R Dewherst, H Ferguson, M Terré & B Kuhla (eds), Methods in cattle physiology and behaviour research : recommendations from the SmartCow consortium ., mcpb016, Publisso, Dummerstorf . https://doi.org/10.5680/mcpb016 |
| Popis: |
Standing and lying behaviours are well-defined. Lying is often described as when the flank or sternum of the animal is in contact with the ground, and end of lying when all four legs are perpendicular to the body (see [1]). The transition from lying to standing and vice versa requires only a few seconds, and therefore differences in the description of lying do not greatly affect the calculation of time spent lying or standing. By contrast, if the transition between lying and standing is the subject under study, then the description of the behaviour is crucial, especially when one wants to compare results from different studies. For instance, if one investigates the comfort of cubicles, the total duration of lying may reflect the comfort of the cubicle when the animal is lying, while a low frequency of lying bouts may reflect difficulties in lying down/getting up due to poor design of separations [2]. Likewise, standing and walking can be defined in different ways. For instance, counting every second as walking when a leg is moving is not necessarily the same as counting the time when the animal's body is moving forward or backwards.Eating behaviour can be defined as the whole process by which the animal ingests feeds, able to satisfy organic needs, and rejects non-alimentary or toxic compounds [3]. In practice, measuring eating behaviour often consists of assessing the number and duration of eating bouts over a specified time interval. In cattle, eating behaviour can be difficult to describe because they often take small breaks during a meal where they lift their head from the feeder whilst still chewing – or not, and they often move from one location to another to explore and select food. Therefore, a precise description of the variable ‘eating’ is necessary. One must be specific as to what metric is to be measured over what time interval, as the specific research question will be dependent on this. Sometimes, duration per day is appropriate to address a particular research question, while the frequency of bouts (i.e. sequences when the behaviour is uninterrupted) and average duration of bouts will be more appropriate for a different question. Again these latter metrics can be measured on a whole day or over specified time intervals.Because there can be large variations in behaviour within and between animals, it is suggested that data should be collected for a few days to get representative estimates of daily lying duration [4], [5], [6] or eating behaviour [6]. If eating behaviour is to be combined with feed intake in digestion studies, at least 5–6 d of measurements are necessary to align all measurements (intake, digestibility, etc.). However, different research objectives often require different levels of accuracy and precision.New equipment for automatic recording of lying/standing/eating behaviour has been developed for both research and commercial use. This increases the available opportunities for collecting data. However, it is not always possible to use sensors for data collection. Direct observations or analysis of video recordings can be a suitable alternative. Continuous focal animal sampling will provide the most accurate and precise data. However, this method is very time-consuming. Therefore, instantaneous scan sampling, where the behaviour of each animal in a group is recorded over a specific time interval, can be more efficient. The choice of sampling method is very important for the accuracy and precision. This is detailed in the book introduction to ‘Measuring behaviour’ [7]. |
| Databáze: |
OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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