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Jing-Hua Yang,1 Yedan Li,2 Roya Azad,2 Kazem Azadzoi3 1Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 2Department of Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Urology and Department of Pathology, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Kazem AzadzoiVA Boston Healthcare System, Building 1A, Room 317 (151), 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USATel +857 364-5602Email kazadzoi@bu.eduIntroduction: The etiology of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with non-obstructed non-neurogenic bladder remains largely unknown. Clinical studies divulged a significant correlation between reduced bladder blood flow and low bladder compliance. Animal models of bladder ischemia displayed structural modifications, characterized by loss of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of connective tissue in the bladder wall. The underlying mechanisms contributing to structural damage in bladder ischemia remain largely elusive. We previously reported that structural modifications in bladder ischemia correlate with upregulated stress proteins and cell survival signaling, suggesting the potential role of cellular stress in ischemic damage. However, stress response molecules and downstream pathways eliciting bladder damage in ischemia remain largely undetermined.Methods: Using a rat model of bladder ischemia along with a cell culture hypoxia model, we investigated stress signaling molecules in the ischemic bladder tissues and hypoxic bladder smooth muscle cells.Results: Our data suggest simultaneous upregulation of two major cellular stress-sensing molecules, namely apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and caspase-3, implying degenerative insult via stress signaling pathway in bladder ischemia. Consistent with bladder ischemia, incubation of cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells at low oxygen tension increased both ASK1 and caspase-3 expression, insinuating hypoxia as an essential factor in ASK1 and caspase-3 upregulation. Gene deletion of ASK1 by ASK1 siRNA in cultured smooth muscle cells prevented caspase-3 upregulation by hypoxia, suggesting caspase-3 regulation by ASK1 under the ischemic/hypoxic conditions. Upregulation of ASK1 and caspase-3 in rat bladder ischemia and human bladder smooth muscle cell hypoxia was associated with subcellular structural modifications consistent with the initial stages of apoptotic insult.Conclusion: Our data suggest that stress sensing by ASK1 and caspase-3 may contribute to subcellular structural damage and low bladder compliance. The ASK1/caspase-3 pathway may provide therapeutic targets against cellular stress and degenerative responses in bladder ischemia.Keywords: bladder, ischemia, hypoxia, cellular stress |
