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The combined Agrobacterium- and biolistic-mediated methods of cotton transformation provide a straightforward and highly efficient protocol for obtaining transgenic cotton. Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important crop for natural textile fiber production worldwide. Nonetheless, one of the main challenges in cotton production are the losses resulting from insect pests, pathogens, and abiotic stresses. One effective way to solve these issues is to use genetically modified (GM) varieties. Herein, we describe an improved protocol for straightforward and cost-effective genetic transformation of cotton embryo axes, merging biolistics and Agrobacterium. The experimental steps include (1) Agrobacterium preparation, (2) seed sterilization, (3) cotton embryo excision, (4) lesion of shoot-cells by tungsten bombardment, (5) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, (6) embryo co-culture, (7) regeneration and selection of transgenic plants in vitro, and (8) molecular characterization of plants. Due to the high regenerative power of the embryonic axis and the exceptional ability of the meristem cells for plant regeneration through organogenesis in vitro, this protocol can be performed in approximately 4-10 weeks, with an average plant regeneration of about 5.5% (± 0.53) and final average transformation efficiency of 60% (± 0.55). The transgene was stably inherited, and most transgenic plants hold a single copy of the transgene, as desirable and expected in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Additionally, the transgene was stably expressed over generations, and transgenic proteins could be detected at high levels in the T |
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