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A series of cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes bearing tris-diimine ligands [Ir(phen)(2)(R-phen)](3+) (R-phen = phenanthroline (1), 3,8-diphenylphenanthroline (2), 3,8-dipyrenylphenanthroline (3), 3-phenylphenanthroline (4), 3-pyrenylphenanthroline (5), and 3,8-diphenylethynylphenanthroline (6)) were synthesized and characterized. These complexes possessed phen ligand-localized (1)π,π* transitions below 300 nm, and charge transfer ((1)CT) and/or (1)π,π* transitions between 300 and 520 nm. In 1, 2, 4, and 6, the low-energy bands were mixed (1)CT/(1)π,π*. However, the increased π-donating ability of the pyrenyl substituent(s) in 3 and 5 split the low-energy bands into a pyrene-based (1)π,π* transition at 300-380 nm and an intraligand charge transfer ((1)ILCT) transition at 380-520 nm. All complexes were emissive at room temperature in CH(3)CN, but the parentage of the emitting state varied depending on the R substituent(s). Complex 1 exhibited predominantly phen ligand-localized (3)π,π* emission mixed with metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) character, while the emission of 2, 4, and 6 was predominantly from the excited-state with (3)π,π*/(3)ILCT/(3)MLCT character. The emission from 3 and 5 was dominated by pyrene-based (3)π,π* states mixed with (3)ILCT character. The different natures of the lowest triplet excited states were also reflected by the different spectral features and lifetimes of the triplet transient absorption of these complexes. Complexes 3 and 5 had singlet oxygen quantum yields as high as 81 and 72%, respectively. Both gave submicromolar phototoxicities toward cancer cells (SK-MEL-28 human melanoma) and bacteria (S. aureus and S. mutans) with visible light activation (and marginal to no photobiological activity with red light). Their visible-light phototherapeutic indices (PIs) toward SK-MEL-28 cells were 248 for 3 and >435 for 5; PIs were lower in bacteria (≤62) due to their inherent antimicrobial activities. Both complexes were shown to produce substantial amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may account for their photobiological activities. |
