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The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors are an important class of tumor suppressor gene. TGF-β markedly inhibits the growth of many epithelial cell types; whereas in contrast, cancers of many different tissue types are commonly TGF-β resistant (10). Many cancer cell lines are resistant to the growth suppressive effects of TGF-β and display evidence of disruption of TGF-β signal transduction (10,4,10). To date, this resistance appears to often result from mutations in the TGF-β receptors or the smad family of TGF-β signaling proteins (5,11,12,14,16). |
