| Autor: |
D E, McChargue, F L, Collins |
| Rok vydání: |
1998 |
| Předmět: |
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| Zdroj: |
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology. 6(2) |
| ISSN: |
1064-1297 |
| Popis: |
The present study was designed to document smokeless tobacco withdrawal patterns and to examine differential withdrawal responses between smokers and smokeless users. Participants (N = 19) were studied under deprivation and nondeprivation conditions, 1 condition per week. The Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist was administered to assess cognitive and affective changes. Both smokers and smokeless users experienced substantially more withdrawal at 48-hr deprivation compared to the 48-hr nondeprivation condition. Participants in both groups endorsed decreasingly fewer withdrawal symptoms from 0 hr to 48 hr on nondeprivation days. This downward trend suggests a need for stabilizing withdrawal responses before deprivation. |
| Databáze: |
OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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