Oral immune dysfunction is associated with the expansion of FOXP3

Autor: N, Bhaskaran, E, Schneider, F, Faddoul, A, Paes da Silva, R, Asaad, A, Talla, N, Greenspan, A D, Levine, D, McDonald, J, Karn, M M, Lederman, P, Pandiyan
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Zdroj: Nature Communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Popis: Residual systemic inflammation and mucosal immune dysfunction persist in people living with HIV, despite treatment with combined anti-retroviral therapy, but the underlying immune mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that the altered immune landscape of the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients on therapy involves increased TLR and inflammasome signaling, localized CD4+ T cell hyperactivation, and, counterintuitively, enrichment of FOXP3+ T cells. HIV infection of oral tonsil cultures in vitro causes an increase in FOXP3+ T cells expressing PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin and IL-10. These cells persist even in the presence of anti-retroviral drugs, and further expand when stimulated by TLR2 ligands and IL-1β. Mechanistically, IL-1β upregulates PD-1 expression via AKT signaling, and PD-1 stabilizes FOXP3 and Amphiregulin through a mechanism involving asparaginyl endopeptidase, resulting in FOXP3+ cells that are incapable of suppressing CD4+ T cells in vitro. The FOXP3+ T cells that are abundant in HIV-positive patients are phenotypically similar to the in vitro cultured, HIV-responsive FOXP3+ T cells, and their presence strongly correlates with CD4+ T cell hyper-activation. This suggests that FOXP3+ T cell dysregulation might play a role in the mucosal immune dysfunction of HIV patients on therapy.
Anti-retroviral treatment does not fully resolve mucosal dysfunction and systemic inflammation in HIV infected individuals. Authors show here that an unusual population of regulatory T cells, distinguished by Amphiregulin expression and the incapability to suppress CD4 T cells might contribute to disrupted oral immune protection in HIV patients.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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