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ÖZET Bu çalışma, mimari tasarım çalışmalarında önemli rolleri üstlenen ihtiyaç programı ve çevre faktörlerinin irdelenmesini ve bu faktörlerin tasarım üzerindeki etkisini inceleyip değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Günümüzdeki bir çok örnekte iç ve dış mekanlarda oluşan mimari kompozisyonun (mimari çevre), kullanıcıların beklentilerine tam olarak cevap veremediği, eksiklik ve yanlışlıklar içerdiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu problemi çözmek amacı ile; çevre ve ihtiyaç programı kavramlarının çeşitlilik içinde dengeli bir bütün oluşturması ve tasarım sürecinde değerlendirilmesi ile, istenen mimariye (çözüm) temel oluşturabileceği ortaya konmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu iddiayı sınamak üzere mimari proje yarışmaları incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, farklı çevre ve ihtiyaç programı verileri doğrultusunda elde edilen kriterlerin, mimari tasarım çalışmalarına kılavuzluk edebileceği ve tasarımı yönlendirerek çağdaş yaklaşımlara ulaştırabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. SUMMARY AN EVALUATION RELATED TO THE EFFECT OF THE DATA OF ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDING PROGRAM ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN This research's aim is to scrutinise the factors of environment and building program, that have importance in architectural design studies, and to evaluate the effect of these factors on design. Until today, architectural design has been tried to define with systems, ideologies, formulae etc. and put forward the factors that are efficient in forming of design. At the very beginning of the century, there was an idealistic architectural insight that had courageous and utopistic ideas. In modern period, some concepts, which are, standardisation, repetition, functionalism, imitation and use, have been arisen. In the period of post-modern, some new concepts have put forward on theoretical field with the help of the developments in various disciplines. Some of them are; securing the historical continuity, necessity of being an entire of the environment with buildings and external spaces, to respect the human scale and habits, laying claim of the users to the environment, evaluating local character, pluralism, democratic architecture, to respect ecological values. Thus, it is proved that the existence of human beings and the needs and habits of them have been forgotten in the former period. Today in many examples, it is observed that the architectural compositions that are formed inside and outside, that is the architectural environment, have some deficiencies and mistakes and also, can not completely satisfy the expectations of users. In order to remove these deficiencies, designers have different ideas with the help of the data of environment and building program. In this research, architectural design competitions, that have a significant place in architectural agenda, will be examined for consolidating on common bases of different opinions and approaching architectural and urban scales to each other. Jury reports will be analysed and evaluated under the direction of aims and the criteria which the competition jury, that is an organised architectural group, have formed. Because; 1. Competition projects are designed for taking place in an existing physical environment that has been determined on an upper scale. 2. A building program, which is formed by experts in the result of some studies, will be the theme of design. 3. The data of environment and building program that will help to reach the solution, are presented to the competitors.4. Although there is much input, which are; program expectations, decisions and existing physical environment data, designers can produce their different solutions freely. 5. There are many examples in which different solutions take place. 6. Different approaches are interpreted by a group that is formed by designers, with the help of the determined criteria. 7. Correct solutions are put forward by the majority with the help of evaluations as drawn a conclusion from all criteria. Architecture is an idea which is constructed in infinite space and put forward the power and spiritual energy of human being, material form and definition of human life. From the beginning till today, the essence and meaning of architecture have never changed. Creating in mind (designing) and constructing (applying) are essential human requirements. Architectural design defines architecture in general. This is, forming the space which certain activities take place. Architectural design searches the solution of this problem in its base. It has an essence that belongs to using and space and needs a formal-constructional conception. Architectural Design is made for humanistic needs in the direction of the data of environment and building program. The building program that will be realized or spatial system (new architectural environment) will occupy a place in the environment that belongs to the society and will interact with it. Architect can only have the solution with organizing this correctly. Building Program should be accepted as a concept for understanding and controlling an environment in future. Today, we come across very productive building program examples in architectural design competitions that prepare a more free background in designing. The quality and quantity differences between building programs cause different forming of architectural projects. -Quantity difference between building programs 1. Big building programs (Designing building groups) 2. Small building programs (Designing one building) -Quality difference between building programs Although there are many typologies, they are collected in two groups related with the external space life. 1. Building programs which have to include strong relations with external space life (some of them are; cultural centres, education buildings, urban designs, trade centres and social foundations, terminal buildings, touristic buildings and settlements) 2. Building programs which have to include enough relations with external space life (some of them are; courthouses, headquarters and office buildings, hospitals, municipalities, town halls, concert halls, theatres, opera houses, libraries) xivEnvironment is a macrocosmic sphere that surrounds human being. Humans are always face to face with environment in an activity. Human in perceiving environment, is an element that takes role, joins and is surrounded. It is possible to examine the environment in four main titles; 1. Physical environment 2. Social and cultural environment 3. Economic environment 4. Psychological environment Physical environment, social and cultural environment are principal subjects of architectural environment. Physical environment: a) Natural environment. Climatic environment. Geologic properties. Topographic properties b) Artificial environment: It is the environment constructed by human being. The needs and habits of users form a necessity of an artificial environment in natural environment. Production of artificial environment is the production of building and external space.. Historical environment that will be protected with all values. Historical environment that will be developed. New construction areas Social and Cultural Environment: Social and cultural environment is firstly related with human, human's needs, habits and relations with each other: According to this manner, we can examine the environment, that is interacting with human being, socially in two different titles. a) Public environment: It is the environment where perception and anonymous relations form without any connection. It is formed by common public spaces. a.l. Buildings (Public buildings: Industry, agriculture, service, entertainment, resting) a.2. Open spaces (Public open spaces: Land, park, garden, street, square) b) Personal (special) environment: It is the environment where personal activities (working, eating etc.) form. It is formed by individual activity spaces. b. 1. Buildings (Personal buildings: Residence, trade, office, industry, agriculture, services, resting) XVb.2. Open spaces (Personal open spaces: Land, garden, field) The expectations of human, who is in external space activity, from the environment which is formed by physical and behavioural components, can be set up in order by taking into consideration the physical and psychological properties and needs of people;. Being clear and convenient of the environment for movement and perception as to the need of cognition and having relation of people (according to person- person and person-physical environment relations),. Giving the feeling to people that environment is arranged for themselves, giving answers to the spatial expectations of people in physical environment,. Including variety and richness of environment about activity possibility, having an attractive and live manner of living and presenting choosing possibility. Building that is a significant component of spatial fiction which is formed by buildings and open spaces (taking into consideration the needs of people in open space activities):. Forming as to perception possibilities of people with its physical and mass properties,. Orienting the movement in external space and forming the conditions of movement of people according to moving in space and continuity of perception,. Pointing out the external space as giving `The space feeling` to people with its mass properties in physical manner,. Being an element that has to support the external space in the frame of inner space- external space relation with building program and functions. In this manner, according to Selim VELÎO?LU's approach, the physical urban fiction and its activities, that are formed by buildings and open spaces, have been reached a triple formulation that tend to scrutinize in urban scale, building group scale and building scale. This formulation is;. Organization of movement: All the problems about pedestrian and vehicle circulation and the problems of inner circulation-orientation;. Organization of space: All dimensional, proportional and physical properties related with spatial character; and. Organization of using: All the problems related with, function choosing, placing the functions related with each other, scattering the functions to stories; to be scrutinized of the spatial fiction which is formed by buildings and open spaces according to these problems. This formulation can be used in analyzing spatial problems of an existing environment and can take an effective role in having solution as guiding architectural design period. In our research, this formulation will be evaluated depending upon the differences of environment and building program and the criteria which has proved the forming of design, will be determined. Because of this examination and evaluation will be done on architectural design competitions that have many examples about this. XVIAfter analyzing and evaluating architectural design competitions, we will see that the criteria, which tend to form architectural formalization as depending upon differences of environment and building program, can guide designers. One or a couple of these criteria can form the main concept of design. It is obvious that different typologies can take place in environment. Different building programs can come across different needs. This can direct us to give precedence to different criteria. But every building program has to come across some essential needs of users. Because of this, organization of movement, organization of space and organization of using and rearranging of them are very important with the aim of forming the approaches that can include correct solutions. A) The criteria depending upon the differences of environment: They can be evaluated on three different following titles. 1. Urban environment which has historical values. Adaptation of the programs, that will take place in this kind of environment, to the existing physical forming as in scale and spatial settlement with some additions,. Creating continuity of the functions, that belong to program in this kind of environment, with living ground circulations, forming productive and surprising spaces,. Arranging the programs that will take place in this kind of environment, as supporting the existing pedestrian flow and settling autoparks in environment without giving damage to fabric. 2. New construction areas. Organizing the circulation (pedestrian and vehicle) of every typology, in this kind of environment, in intersection of their own needs of modern city, solving autopark problem in correct points,. Obtaining the settlements, which will adapt the existing scale with contemporary comments, that will take place in this kind of environment,. Obtaining the solutions that will combine internal and external life, will get the relation and continuity between different functions, will form living spaces. 3. Rural environment. Having the settlements which are convenient for rural values and character, are respectful to existing scale and topography and productive with street and square arrangements and shortcuts of every typology in this kind of environment,. Organization of using as depending upon the concepts like movement vitality, supporting the open spaces of inner space,. Having the solutions that will make easier communication from city will make continuous the circulation between buildings and inside the building. XVIIB) The criteria depending upon the differences of building program: It is seen that same criteria can take the first place in design when the relation with external life, typology and needs of programs have taken into consideration.. In education building programs; making the spatial arrangements which users will lay claim to environment and obtaining the living continuity as relating the functions with each other,. In cultural and art centre programs; obtaining physical forms that will increase participation to cultural activities with living ground using (like cultural street, transparent lobby, open and semi-open space arrangements etc.),. In tourism and trade centre programs; obtaining the spatial arrangements which will have continuity between functions, will integrate with nature and environment,. In headquarters and office building programs; creating sincere and comfortable working media inside the building, supporting this media with different section properties and open space living,. In terminal building programs; organizing the communication orientation correctly,. In municipality and town hall programs; taking the first place of an understanding of democratic forming which will increase participation of people besides settling the function inside correctly,. In concert hall, opera house and theatre programs; taking the first place of studies of creating an urban focus with monumental forming besides creating an attractive centre in environment. All these criteria mentioned above; a) Can guide the designer in architectural design period with the aim of solving the problems in urban scale and architectural scale, b) Can be used in evaluating the existing environments, c) Can form a base to design an evaluation on different environment and building program orientation, d) Can form the concept of design, e) Can develop a new environmental identity with the data of building program. At the end of this research, the solution drawn is that; the criteria, which have obtained by different data of environment and building program, can guide and orient architectural design studies. XVIll 212 |
